The Theory of the Farm Household: An Application to Saskatchewan

A theoretical model is presented which integrates the consumption and production components of the rural household. A theoretically determined system of expenditure equations, derived factor demand equations and an off-farm labor supply equation are estimated using primary data for Saskatchewan farm households. From the empirical results we conclude that if the wage rate can be observed or estimated, the farm household's behavior can be explained empirically in a manner consistent with received theory. Summary and Conclusions A theoretical model integrating the consumption and production sides of the farm household or enterprise is estimated empirically using primary data for Saskatchewan farm households. The farm household was assumed to maximize its utility function subject to farm production and cash flow constraints. The empirical results indicate that the theoretical model can be estimated successfully even when data are sparse. While the coefficients for the expenditure, derived demand, and off-farm labor supply equations are consistent with coefficients from similar equations estimated separately by others, the theoretically more precise integrated approach specifies the simultaneous effect of the variables across equations. From the empirical results and the theoretical considerations it is obvious that the wage rate is a key explanatory variable in the model. The wage rate links the three components of the model–final expenditures, the derived input demands and off-farm labor hours. The wage rate is one determinant of the allocation of the operator's time (although other factors such as the nature of the operation and opportunities to work off-farm dominated in this study), and both the wage rate and the allocation of the time determine the eventual income available to the rural household. In essence, then, the problem of explaining farm household behavior when the household's business enterprise function cannot be separated from its consumption activity is similar to that of traditional models based on the theory of the firm and models of consumer behavior. The only difference is that the wage rate is observable in the traditional models but needs to be estimated as a shadow price in models which seek to explain rural household behavior. As a result, research in this area must start with an explanation of the allocation of (at least) the operator's labor and a measure of the shadow wage rate. If the entire household's allocation of time between on-farm and off-farm labor and leisure is determined, it is possible to treat its consumption and production activities separately. Further research is required to extend the model to explain household labor supply to both the farm and off-farm labor markets.     

An Evaluation of Farm Financial Benchmarks and Loan Success/Failure: The Case of the Agricultural Credit Corporation of Saskatchewan

The use of various financial, economic and efficiency indicators in predicting loan successes and failures is common in agricultural lending. It is well known that financial ratios work well only when based on carefully and consistently prepared financial statements and matched against carefully selected and homogenous groups. This study uses a logit analysis to select 20 variables out of a total of 59 candidates, resulting in a 93% prediction rate. While the logit model identifies a number of important relationships, most traditional financial ratios fail to explain loan success; only one financial ratio — the Current Ratio — is significant and is included in the final model. Of the number of possible explanations for the lack of predictive power of the other various ratios, asset valuation is a common measurement problem. Another perhaps more easily addressed problem is inconsistent and nonconformist definitions that plague the Canadian lending industry. Failure to consistently identify accrued interest or to disaggregate loan payments into interest and principal components renders many of the financial ratios based on current of long-term liabilities useless L'utilisation de divers indicateurs financiers, économiques et d'efficacité pour prédire la solvabilite des emprunteurs est courante en matière de crédit agricole. Chacun sait que les ratios financiers ne fonctionnent bien que lorsqu'Us sont basés sur les états financiers soigneusement et régulièrement preparés et confiés à des groupes homogènes choisis avec soin. L'étude a recours à une analyse logit pour extraire, parmi un total de 59, 20 variables qui ont donne un taux de prédiction de 93%. Bien que le modèle logit ait fait apparaitre un certain nombre de relations importantes, la plupart des ratios financiers traditionnels étaient impuissantsà expliquer la solvabilite édes emprunteurs. Un seul ratio, le ratio courant, s'est revile significatifet il a ete inclus dans le modele definitif Parmi les explications du peu de valeur de prediction des autres ratios, l'evaluation des actifs est reconnue comme un problème de mesure général. Un autre problème, peut-être plus facile â corriger, est le manque de cohêrence et de conformité des définitions appliquées au secteur du crédit au Canada. Faute de pouvoir identifier de façon cohérente I'intérêt accumulé ou de pouvoir séparer les remboursements d'emprunt en intérêts et en capital, un bon nombre de ratios financiers basés sur la dette à court ou à long lerme sont sans utilité     

Government Interventions and the Production of Wheat in Saskatchewan and North Dakota: An Empirical Analysis

This paper measures the impact of different government programs relating to wheat production in Canada and the United States. Acreage and yield equations were estimated, which specifically incorporated government policy variables, using time-series data from 1960 to 1984, for wheat production in Saskatchewan and North Dakota, the two major producing regions for spring wheat in the two countries. It was found that the Canadian system of delivery quotas, while not, initially introduced as a production control program, is theoretically and empirically a more effective form of production control than the American system of acreage diversion/set-asides. A 10 percent reduction in delivery quotas reduces wheat production in Saskatchewan by an estimated 4.87 percent in the long run; farmers reduce both acreage and yield per acre in response to more restrictive delivery quotas. On the other hand, a 10 percent increase in acreage diversion/set-aside reduces wheat production in North Dakota only by an estimated 0.59 percent: farmers offset their reduction in acreage by increasing their yield per acre. Estimates of the acreage response to wheat prices in Saskatchewan are much lower than previous estimates reported in the literature. Cette communication mesure l' effet des programmes gouvernmentaux différents se rapportant à la production de blé au Canada et aux Etats-Unis. Let équations quant à la surface et le rendement sont estimées, incorporant spécifiquement des variables pour les politiques gouvernementales, utilisant les informations pour les séries-temporelles depuis 1960 à 1984, pour la production de blé en Saskatchewan et au Dakota-Nord, les deux principales régions productrices de blé au printemps des deux pays. Le système canadien des contrats de livraison, bien que ce système n' ait pas été conçu comme programme de contrôle de la production, est théoriquement et empiriquement un moyen plus efficace de contrôle de la production que le systeme américain de diversion/mise de côté des surfaces. Une diminution de 10 pourcent dans les contrats de livraison résulte en une diminution estimées à 4.87 pourcent au long terme de la production de blé en Saskatchewan; les fermiers réduisent à la fois la surface et la productivité à l' acre en réponse à des quotas de livraison plus restrictifs. D' autre part, une augmentation de 10 pourcent des surfaces en diversion/mise de côté résulte en une réduction de la production de blé au Dakota-Nord estimée a 0.59 pourcent; les fermiers contournent les réductions en surfaces par un augmentation de productivité à l' acre. Les estimés pour la Saskatchewan quand à l' ajustement en surfaces en reponsé au prix du blé sont beaucoup inférieurs aux estimés antérieurement rapportés dans la littérature sur le sujet.     

The Impact of Price Stabilizing Policies on the Risk Efficient Crop/Fallow Decisions of Wheat Farmers in the Brown Soil Zone of Saskatchewan

The micro-linkages between the crop/fallow decision and price-induced risk are examined for wheat producers located on the brown soils of Saskatchewan. Three generic price stabilization policies are defined. Based on a bio-economic simulation model, the risk-efficient FLEXCROP decision rules are selected, and their corresponding cropping patterns are assessed for each generic price stabilization policy. Assuming no subsidy component within the mandatory price stabilization program:
• risk lovers reduce cropped acreages by 0% to 4%, depending upon both the risk-aversion level and the stabilizing program and
• risk-averse producers increase cropped acreage from 10% to 35% over no price stabilization.     

The Wheat War of 1994: Comment

The opinions expressed are those of the authors and not those of the United States International Trade Commission or any of its Commissioners. This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain within the United States of America.     

退耕还林工程管理与公共选择理论

文章运用公共选择理论中的外部性、公共商品、免费搭车、市场失灵等基本概念,阐述了退耕还林工程是准公共商品。同时,根据公共选择理论的要求,提出退耕还林工程管理中应把准政府行为与市场调节的边际,以便运用现代经济学的逻辑与方法完善现有政策,做好工程规划和预算工作,完善工程建设的补助标准,制定一项合理的林业生产经营政策。     

公共风险与农村公共产品供给:另一个角度看农民增收

本文在研究“公共风险决定公共支出,政府的公共支出是为防范和化解公共风险”这一假设的基础上,认为促进农民增收和缩小城乡收入差距是防范和化解公共风险的必然要求,而增加农村公共产品是解决农民增收和缩小城乡收入差距的有效手段。因此,有必要加快建立至上而下有效的防范农村公共风险的体系,完善农村公共产品供给机制。     

Risk and (Re-)organization in Agriculture: The Economics of Back grounding Cattle in Saskatchewan

The beef system in western Canada is currently undergoing restructuring. To increase the number of animals a feedlot finishes, their portion of the production process is being narrowed to the final 136 kgof weight gain. This results in a stage of production known as backgrounding, where calves are grown before entering the feedlot. This paper explains the reorganization that is occurring in the context of transaction cost economics, which explains this evolution as a process in which the governance structure involved in contracting has minimized the transaction costs. New methods of marketing these backgrounded cattle are being developed, which may increase the profitability of these operations. This paper measures the impacts of five different marketing options on the backgrounding enterprise's risk and returns. Thirteen enterprises are modeled, using various levels of capital and labor intensities, live stock numbers, sizes of calves fed and average daily gains. These models are simulated from 1978 to 1994 using costs of production and prices of cattle. Profits per head calculations allow the comparison of the enterprise efficiencies. The marketing alternatives are then evaluated using mean-variance rule(E-V) and stochastic dominance methods of risk analysis.     

国外矿业地市转型政策对我国的启示

目前我国的矿业城市,特别是处于衰落期的矿业城市,都面临着经济结构单一,环境污染问题严重,职工失业和社会保障问题突出,企业负担沉重等发展困境,应借鉴国外矿业城市,如美国的休斯敦、德国的鲁尔区等转型的政策和经验.制定城市与区域统筹发展政策,促进矿业城市转型的产业调整政策,扶植矿业城市转型的财税政策,完善矿业城市转型的投、融资政策,规范矿业城市转型的环境保护政,完善矿业城市转型的人才利用政策,提炼矿业城市转型的特色文化,以促进矿业城市平稳转型.     

DEA方法在小麦生产效率衡量中的应用

本文把DEA方法应用到农业生产效率的微观研究领域，衡量了安徽省阜南县小麦生产的综合效率、技术效率和规模效率；找出了小麦生产中非有效决策单元生产效率损失的影响因素，得出了效率损失的大小并提出了改进的措施。     

农村剩余劳动力转移对我国经济增长的贡献

本文从实证角度出发,分析了我国自改革开放以来农村剩余劳动力转移对我国经济增长的贡献,并指出在今后一段时期内这一因素还将对我国经济增长有较大贡献。     

Rejecting New Technology: The Case of Genetically Modified Wheat

Canada has stringent regulations covering the release of new wheat varieties, but the United States has virtually no regulations in this area. Monsanto Co. developed genetically modified (GM) spring wheat for North America, and made a commitment to the U.S. industry to release this new technology simultaneously in both Canada and the United States, or not at all. The Canadian regulatory bias against new varieties acted as a veto against GM wheat and caused Monsanto to shelve the technology in both countries in 2004. Substantial economic rents were foregone in North America due to the rejection of this new technology.