秸秆翻埋还田补贴发挥功效了吗

秸秆还田是缓解我国秸秆供需矛盾的有效途径之一。为激励农户采用秸秆还田技术,2018年黑龙江省实施了秸秆翻埋还田补贴政策,而补贴政策能否达到预期效果,值得研究。为此,本文基于对黑龙江省农户开展的追踪调查数据,利用PSM-DID方法,分析了秸秆翻埋还田补贴政策对农户秸秆还田技术采用的影响。研究发现,秸秆翻埋还田补贴政策显著促进农户秸秆还田技术的采用。采用不同的匹配方法后,估计结果依然稳健。与此同时,农户经营规模是影响秸秆翻埋还田补贴效率的重要因素,即秸秆翻埋还田补贴促进大规模农户的秸秆还田技术的采纳,对小规模农户的促进作用却不显著。因此,本文建议采用科学的方法准确识别农户的投资预期、实行差异化补贴,调动小规模农户技术采纳的积极性,以提高补贴政策的效率,达到消耗秸秆存量的目的。     

农户秸秆还田技术采纳行为影响因素实证研究——基于311户农户的调查数据

本文基于大西南(非平原)与华北平原地区农户的调研样本数据,对农户秸秆还田技术采纳情况分别构建二元选择Logit模型,定量分析了其影响因素。结果表明:农户采纳此技术受监管约束与惩罚、补贴、信息诱导三种政策工具及土地机械化操作程度、环境认知等因素的正向影响;受贫富差距因素负向影响。在区分两类地区基础上发现,信息诱导、土地机械化操作程度、环境认知是影响农户秸秆还田技术采纳行为的共同正向影响因素,而监管约束与惩罚措施、补贴刺激、贫富差距在两类地区农户中的影响程度不同。对非平原地区农户而言,家庭贫困因素是制约其采纳行为的关键因素,政府的监管约束与惩罚措施有正向影响,但补贴刺激未起到效果;对平原地区农户而言,其采纳行为受家庭贫困因素影响不明显,政府的补贴起到了较大的促进作用,而监管约束机制下的惩罚措施反而抑制了其采纳行为倾向。     

价值感知、环境责任意识与农户秸秆资源化利用——基于拓展技术接受模型的多群组分析

[目的]秸秆资源化利用对我国乡村环境整治和农业可持续发展有重要意义。[方法]文章利用湖北省612份农户微观调查数据,通过拓展的技术接受模型,探讨价值感知和环境责任意识对农户秸秆还田技术采纳行为的影响,并分析不同群体之间的差异性。[结果](1)感知有用性、感知易用性及环境责任意识对农户秸秆还田技术采纳行为有显著影响;(2)社会影响和结果展示等外部变量通过感知易用性和感知有用性的中介作用影响农户秸秆还田技术采纳行为,但社会影响对感知有用性的作用并不显著;(3)多群组分析发现,高禀赋农户的环境责任意识对其秸秆还田技术采纳行为作用更强烈,而低禀赋农户的感知易用对行为的作用更为明显,且低禀赋农户对技术的价值感知受外部变量影响更大。[结论]建议对不同类型的农户群体开展针对性的秸秆资源化利用宣传工作,加强农村基础教育和专门培训,增强农户的环境责任意识和对技术的价值认知,从而推动秸秆等农业废弃物的资源化利用。     

主动选择还是被动适应——农户秸秆还田驱动力探究

[目的]秸秆还田好处良多,但秸秆焚烧却屡禁不止。文章主要研究农户秸秆还田行为的长效性问题,考察农户的秸秆还田行为是主动适应还是被动选择。[方法]该文利用山东、湖北调研数据,采用二元Logistic模型实证分析了农户秸秆还田的影响因素以及这一行为的长效性。[结果](1)目前农户的秸秆还田行为还处于被动适应状态,农户对政府高压更为敏感;(2)提高农户对秸秆还田好处的认知将极大促进农户采纳秸秆还田技术;(3)政府高压和秸秆还田认知能显著提高男性农户的秸秆还田技术采纳行为;(4)提高女性农户对秸秆还田优点的认知能显著提高其对秸秆还田技术的采纳行为。[结论]政府在推动秸秆资源化利用的过程中,应"疏堵结合",通过强化技术支撑,实现秸秆还田技术配套措施的纵向一体化和秸秆还田方式的横向整合。通过加大宣传力度和注重群体导向等方式,实现农户认知水平和政策精度的提高,更好实现秸秆还田。     

玉米秸秆还田的受偿意愿分析——基于河北、山东两省的农户调查数据

秸秆还田作为目前秸秆资源化利用的主要方式之一,它有增加土壤有机质、改善土壤质量、提升作物产量等作用,同时还有保护生态环境、减少农业面源污染等功效。但秸秆还田所带来的成本增加,在某种程度上影响了农户秸秆还田的积极性,因此,给予农户一定补贴等激励措施势在必行。文章以玉米秸秆还田为例,基于河北、山东两省的农户调查数据,分析两个地区农户玉米秸秆的利用状况,在此基础上研究农户秸秆直接还田受偿意愿的影响因素。结果表明,农户受访者年龄、秸秆还田是否增加成本、秸秆还田增加的费用是否由政府承担、秸秆焚烧查处力度是否强、与秸秆不还田相比秸秆还田增加的费用这5个因素对农户秸秆还田受偿意愿有着显著的正向影响,而受访者是否是村干部和秸秆还田是否改善土壤质量这两个因素对农户秸秆还田受偿意愿有着显著的负向影响。     

感知价值、政府规制与农户秸秆机械化持续还田行为——基于冀、皖、鄂三省1288份农户调查数据的实证分析

结合中国秸秆机械化还田技术的农户采用现状,本文构建了农户秸秆机械化持续还田行为分析模型,利用冀、皖、鄂三省1288份农户调查数据,探讨感知价值和政府规制及其交互项对农户秸秆机械化还田技术持续采用行为的影响,并揭示农户秸秆机械化持续还田行为及其影响因素的代际差异。本文研究发现:第一,政府规制的实施和农户积极的感知价值可以有效地促进农户秸秆机械化持续还田。其中,政府的项目示范和农户的感知技术适用对农户秸秆机械化持续还田行为具有重要影响。第二,政府规制和感知价值对农户秸秆机械化持续还田行为的影响存在交互效应。政策宣传对农户秸秆机械化持续还田行为的影响在一定程度上取决于农户的感知社会价值,感知技术适用和感知成本投入对农户秸秆机械化持续还田行为的作用也会受到项目示范的影响。第三,政府规制和感知价值对农户秸秆机械化持续还田行为的影响存在明显的代际差异。老一代农户秸秆机械化持续还田行为普遍受到政府规制和感知价值的影响,而新生代农户秸秆机械化持续还田行为则主要受政策宣传规制和感知经济价值的影响。     

农户采纳保护性耕作技术影响因素研究

本文基于山西、河北、天津、北京四个省份调研样本的基础上,对保护性耕作技术体系中的秸秆还田和免耕播种两项技术农户采纳情况分别构建logit模型,定量分析农户采纳这两项技术的主要影响因素.分析结果表明,农户对两项技术的采纳倾向都受到政府的强制或补贴措施、粮食商品化程度、户主身体健康状况三个因素的正向影响.此外,秸秆还田技术的采纳还受到秸秆是否有经济用途、农户劳均土地块数两个因素的负向影响;免耕播种技术的采纳还受到家庭人均受教育程度、户主年龄、农户对免耕播种技术的评价三个因素的正向影响.     

土地规模与农户秸秆还田技术采纳——基于冀鲁皖鄂4省的微观调查

研究目的:探讨不同规模农户采纳秸秆还田技术的行为差异和影响因素。研究方法:采用Logistic模型对冀、鲁、皖、鄂4省1372份农户调查数据进行实证分析。研究结果:(1)农户的秸秆还田技术采纳行为存在规模经济效应;(2)地块数和区位条件是限制小规模农户采纳秸秆还田技术的客观因素,在土地规模短期不能扩大的情况下,秸秆还田技术不具备普适性是该项技术推广受阻的重要原因;(3)配备秸秆还田服务人员机构,有针对性地对小规模男性农户进行培训和指导,提高农户的经济收入和经济感知,能显著促进小规模农户采纳秸秆还田技术。研究结论:应从改善机械作业条件,促进土地适度规模经营;改进秸秆还田技术,降低技术采纳成本;培育秸秆还田社会化服务组织,提高农户认知等方面着手,有效推广秸秆还田的耕作技术手段。     

经营规模、地权期限与跨期农业技术采用——以秸秆直接还田为例

本文基于农户时间偏好和受益不确定性构建了一个农户跨期农业技术采用行为分析框架,着重讨论规模户与小农户跨期农业技术采用行为的差异,并利用中国4省679户农户调查数据进行了实证分析。研究表明:不同规模农户秸秆直接还田技术采用行为的差异显著;规模户因其量级效应较大,资本禀赋较丰富,时间偏好程度较低,对未来收益较敏感,贴现率也较低,因而较倾向于采用秸秆直接还田技术;不过,对于规模户,较短的地权期限影响其技术受益,对其采用秸秆还田技术行为有抑制作用。政府需对不同规模农户采取不同方式激励他们采用秸秆直接还田技术,较长的地权期限对规模户的意义较大,而激励小农户采用秸秆直接还田技术可能更需借助补贴或惩罚等政策手段。     

多重政策影响下农户秸秆机械粉碎还田技术采纳行为仿真分析

[目的]实施农作物秸秆机械粉碎还田是提高农业生产率和减少环境污染的重要举措。为有效推动农户采纳秸秆机械粉碎还田技术,探索政策刺激对农户采纳决策行为的影响变化规律,为政府政策制定和实施提供理论依据和决策参考。[方法]文章基于Agent建模思路和方法,设计农户采纳决策模型和政策情景,对政府补贴、秸秆禁烧、农技推广3种政策组合刺激影响农户采纳秸秆机械粉碎还田技术的动态过程进行仿真分析。[结果]农技推广政策与其他政策组合实施对环境认知程度较低的农户而言,通过成功的信息诱导来刺激农户偏好对采纳决策影响具有明显效果;3种政策合理组合刺激农户采纳秸秆机械粉碎还田技术的作用效果最佳;从政策组合刺激农户选择秸秆机械粉碎还田技术的实现方式来看,当秸秆禁烧与推广政策组合时,提高信息诱导措施强度有助于农户倾向选择购买农机来实施秸秆机械粉碎还田。反之,提高对秸秆焚烧行为的处罚力度有助于农户倾向选择购买专业服务来实施秸秆机械粉碎还田。[结论]政府应将补贴、处罚和信息诱导措施组合实施来推动农户采纳秸秆机械粉碎还田技术,且从长远看随时间推移,有适度管制,政府可逐渐放松补贴和信息诱导措施刺激的力度,农户通过学习会从传统秸秆焚烧行为向选择秸秆机械粉碎还田行为转变。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.