水土流失是我国最严重的公害

我国是世界上水土流失最严重的国家之一。水土流失造成了耕地减少、水旱灾害频发和社会贫困等问题，已经严重影响到我国的粮食安全、环境安全和社会经济可持续发展能力。造成我国水土流失严重的根本原因是人为原因，必须采取多种措施加紧对我国水土流失的治理。     

关于我国耕地保护问题的思考

社会经济的发展对耕地保护造成了较强烈的冲击 ,为了提出更有效的耕地保护措施 ,本文首先分析了社会经济发展、农业生产、生态建设等新形势对耕地保护造成的压力 ,认为经济发展、人口增长、资金短缺是制约耕地保护的因素 ,在此基础上 ,提出完善耕地保护政策的思路。     

地方解决耕地细碎化的经验及借鉴

正农村耕地细碎化问题,一直是现代农业发展的难题。一些地方为解决耕地细碎化问题进行了大胆探索并积累了丰富的经验。耕地细碎化的影响田坎和地块界线过多,在一定程度上造成了耕地的浪费。基于公平公正原则,承包地块按照人口多少和质量差异进行均分,导致户均经营面     

遏制耕地抛荒 构建资源节约型社会

构建资源节约型社会是我国国民经济和社会发展的战略目标。随着我国经济的发展尤其是城市化进程的推进，大量农业劳动力涌进城市，农村耕地出现抛荒现象。耕地抛荒是建设资源节约型社会面临的重大任务。文中分析了耕地抛荒的原因，并提出解决问题的一些建议。     

浅议城市化进程中的耕地保护

社会经济的发展与城市化进程的加快都给我国的耕地保护造成了巨大的压力。本文在分析了全国的城市扩展情况和耕地现状,并从经济、政策、规划的角度探讨城市化进程中占用耕地失控的一些原因,进一步提出控制城市化占用耕地的相关对策。     

农业结构调整占用耕地必须引起重视

农业结构调整占用耕地必须引起重视张广清当前，各地农村为适应建立社会主义市场经济的要求，积极调整农业产品杜绝，大力开展多种经营，植树栽果，发展水产养殖，提高了农业的经济效益，增加了农民的收入，促进了传统农业向现代农业的转变。但与此同时，在一些地区出现了...     

农业水旱灾害的分级评估与农业保险的风险分担

水旱灾害是影响我国农业生产最重要的自然灾害,严重的旱涝灾害极易造成农业保险赔付的系统性风险。为从定量视角分析不同级别水旱灾害的风险损失,本文收集了1978年～2010年12个粮食主产省份的水灾与旱灾成灾率数据,构建了灾害波动测算模型,获得粮食主产区各年份水旱灾害的波动系数,并依据波动系数值对农业水旱灾害风险损失进行分级与评估,最后针对农业水旱灾害的超额损失和巨灾损失,从目标、思路和工具创新三个层次给出农业保险风险分担的改进对策。     

明清时期贵州水旱灾害的历史分析

分析历史典籍可以发现,明清时期贵州地区的水旱灾害呈现出多方面的特点,涵盖发生频率、季节分布、地域差异、地质特点等几个方面。从历史的角度加以分析,可以准确把握明清时期贵州地区水旱灾害的变迁,从而为当前我国的农业开发提供借鉴启示,意义重大。     

农村已婚妇女失地与农地流转——基于江西省农户调查的实证研究

本文基于江西省的调查数据，就农村已婚妇女失地对农地流转产生的影响进行实证分析。调查结果显示，已婚妇女失地在一定程度上促使以农业为主要收入来源的失地农户租入更多农地，但对农户租出农地影响较小。失地农户是否租入农地，主要取决于农户的经济状况和要素禀赋，而不是取决于已婚妇女失地。在一些人均耕地紧张的地区，已婚妇女失地虽然增加了农地需求，加剧了农地市场的供求矛盾，但在另一些人均耕地充裕的地区将有利于促进农地市场的发育，减少耕地撂荒现象，加速农地市场流转。     

大新村创办农业股份合作种植区的启迪──兼谈欠发达地区的农业规模经营

大新村创办农业股份合作种植区的启迪──兼谈欠发达地区的农业规模经营江苏响水县委夏军，孙茂元，吴永祥随着农村二、三产业的迅猛发展，欠发达地区劳动力向非农产业转移不断增多，农民对土地的依赖性愈趋下降，一些地方农民弃田抛荒的现象蔓延，造成了土地资源的浪费，...     

农事的破坏与补救--近代江南地区的水旱灾害与农民群众的技术应对

近代时期，针对江南地区水旱灾害的威胁，为补救因正常农事活动遭到破坏而遭受的损失，人们采取了一系列的技术措施，如补种、改种相关作物，这在一定程度上反映出人们农业生产活动过程中的生态适应性。     

湄公河流域洪旱灾害损失分析

受海洋气候及气候变化的影响,湄公河流域洪旱灾害频发。澜湄合作及中国-东盟合作机制是我国发展周边外交的重要内容。搜集整理近几十年来湄公河流域洪旱灾害事件资料,分析了流域洪旱灾害损失情况、成因及影响因素,结果表明:洪旱灾害是湄公河流域的主要灾害形式,流域4国洪水发生次数占总自然灾害次数的50%左右;洪旱灾害对流域各国的人口、交通、农业、经济等方面的影响均比较显著;气候变化是引起湄公河流域洪旱灾害的主要原因。     

德州市降水及旱涝灾害变化趋势分析

该文基于德州11县市1957～2009年降水量及全市范围内的所有旱涝灾害资料,分析了年降水量及旱涝灾害变化趋势,年平均降水量555.1mm,年降水量呈减少趋势,结果表明,平均每10年减少18.3mm。年平均旱灾2.5次,旱灾呈增加趋势,平均每10年增加0.235次,53年降水量与干旱次数的相关系数为-0.39,呈负相关。年平均涝灾2.5次,涝灾呈缓慢增加趋势,平均每10年增加0.05次,主要是由于特大暴雨等极端灾害性天气气候事件增加造成的,53年降水量与涝灾次数的相关系数为0.67,呈正相关。     

南通市自然灾害时空分布规律及其防治

分析了南通市的地震、塌岸、水土流失、水灾、旱灾、雹灾、寒害和台风等8种自然灾害的时空分布特点;对地震、水灾等6种灾害的功率谱、集中度和集中期分析显示,南通市自然灾害具有2.2年的年际变化规律和春季多冰雹、寒害,夏季多旱涝、台风的年内分布规律;地震受新构造运动断裂分布的控制呈条带状分布,水土流失主要分布于高沙土区,塌岸主要集中于东南部的沿江沿海地带;气象灾害全市皆有分布,但具有北多南少、北重南轻的总体特点;提出了加强自然灾害预报预警系统、农田水利基础设施和江海岸坡防护工程建设等相应的防治对策。     

Farm households’ risk perception,attitude and adaptation strategies in dealing with climate change: Promise and perils from rural Pakistan

Pakistan is highly vulnerable to extreme climatic events, such as floods and droughts. This study determines the farmers’ risk perception, risk attitude, adaptation measures and various aspects of vulnerability to climate change (e.g. floods, droughts, heavy rainfalls, pests and disease) at farm level in rural Pakistan. The risk perception and attitude of farm households are crucial factors that influence farm productivity, investment and management decisions at this level. A well-designed questionnaire was used to interview 720 farm households from six districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. A binary logit model was used to determine the main factors that affect the choice of adaptation strategies of the farm household. The findings revealed that crop diversification, changing crop varieties, altering the crop calendar, varying the fertilizer used, mulching and farm insurance were the main adaptation strategies followed by farm households. The results of the binary logit model revealed that age, education, farm size, household size, credit accessibility, annual income and the perception on the increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall had significant influence on the selection of the adaption strategies. The findings of this study can provide guidance, policy recommendations and reference for future researchers.     

The role of public participation in encouraging changes in rural land use to reduce flood risk

Changes in rural land use to reduce flood risk are encouraged by governments in many countries, but they may face considerable opposition by land managers. Local participative processes are thought to help overcome opposition. This article presents an evaluation of an intensive participative process set up between land managers and governmental agencies following two severe floods in the transboundary Bowmont–Glen catchment in Scotland and England. A combination of interviews and documentary analysis is used. The research demonstrates that the participative process contributed to greater uptake of rural land use change and improved compliance with existing environmental policies. There were nevertheless low levels of social learning amongst participants. Two institutional designs for improving policy implementation are presented.     

基于福州市降水量数据研究降水期权定价

为应对干旱、洪涝等降水事件给相关经济主体带来的风险,基于1953年1月至2016年12月福州市月均累积降水量数据,运用威尔克斯法对降水量进行建模,利用蒙特卡罗模法对降水期权进行定价从而得到降水期权价值,并提出发展我国降水期权的政策建议。     

Projections of maize yield vulnerability to droughts and adaptation options in Uganda

Sub-Saharan Africa is likely going to experience more intense and frequent droughts with high parallel possibilities of ramifications on maize yields. While there is a lot of scholarship dwelling on the ramifications of droughts on maize yields at the level of Africa, little has been researched at lower scales. This study presents past (1960–2014) vulnerability of maize yields to droughts based on a previous study (Epule et al., 2017) and projects the future vulnerability of maize yields to droughts by calculating the sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity of maize yields to droughts for the period 2015–2050. The results show that maize yields are more vulnerable in the north of Uganda for the period 1960–2014. However, adaptive capacity is higher in the south. Maize yields also record higher levels of sensitivity and exposure in the north with the latter patterns explained by variations in precipitation, temperature, rich volcanic soils, access to rivers and lakes. In terms of future vulnerability for the period 2015–2050, this study shows that the level of vulnerability of maize yields to droughts in Uganda will increase to levels higher than what currently obtains. For example, the vulnerability index will increase from 0.54 under the 1.5 °C to 0.70 under the 2.0 °C and to 1.54 under the 2.5 °C scenario. Sensitivity is also likely to increase while exposure and adaptive capacity are most likely to remain the same. Overall, it can be said that the future of maize production in Uganda under present and future circumstances remains very bleak without concrete actions. As a way forward, land use policy designers will have to integrate water management, agroforestry, climatic information diffusion, training and indigenous knowledge into land use planning decisions in the context of agriculture.     

安顺市水生态文明建设探讨

水生态文明建设是安顺地区生态文明建设的重要方向和重大任务。基于生态文明内涵,阐述水生态文明建设的概念,从安顺市水生态环境恶化、水土流失严重、水旱灾害频繁、居民水生态保护意识薄弱、旅游持续发展5个方面分析水生态文明建设的必要性及目标,探讨了安顺市水生态文明评价体系和评价方法,提出安顺市水生态文明建设的建议。