重建农业技术经济学的几个问题

重建农业技术经济学的几个问题华南农业大学经贸学院李大胜编者按农业技术经济学科发展专论，汇集了７位学者的观点，他们对农业技术经济学科发展的历史作了全面的回顾，并就未来适应经济建设需要对农业技术经济学科发展提出了全新的看法。一、重建农业技术经济学的必要性...     

论供给侧结构性改革下的农业经济改革

农业经济学在发展过程中,有逐渐分解为许多分支学科的趋势。供给侧结构性改革下农业经济学已逐渐分解为农场管理学、农业生产经济学、农产运销学、农业金融学、土地经济学、农工商联合企业管理学、农业政策学等更加专业的学科。作者认为农业经济改革必须在充分考虑这些因素的基础上,深化农业经济改革,激发农村发展新动能,夯实农业经济发展基础,补齐农业农村短板,有力推动农村经济的健康发展。     

前进中的中南财经政法大学农业经济管理学科

中南财经政法大学农业经济管理学科创建于1954年(原专业为农业经济),1978年恢复本科招生。首批获经济学学士学位授予权,1981年获经济学硕士学位授予权,1998年农业经济专业调整为农业经济管理专业,同年被评定为湖北省高等学校重点学科,2003年农业经济学(应用经济学一级学科自主设置专业)获准招收博士研究生,2005年获农林经济管理一级学科硕士学位授予权。经过50多年的建设和发展,该学科     

试论供给侧结构性改革下农业经济改革

农业经济学在发展过程中,有逐渐分解为许多分支学科的趋势。供给侧结构性改革下农业经济学已逐渐分解为农场管理学、农业生产经济学、农产运销学、农业金融学、土地经济学、农工商联合企业管理学、农业政策学等更加专门的学科。农业经济改革必须考虑这些因素。要深化农业经济改革,激发农村发展新动能;夯实农业经济发展基础,补齐农业农村短板。     

关于农业技术经济学科体系的探讨

关于农业技术经济学科体系的探讨浙江农业大学经贸学院胡瑞法，徐丽安一、农业技术经济学的学科体系框架农业技术经济学学科体系框架应包括下列内容：１．农业技术经济学概论。主要研究农业技术经济学的性质与特点，研究对象、内容与任务，以及该学科的发展等内容。２．农...     

关于农业技术经济学学科建设的几点思考

本文在分析农业技术经济学科发展现状和存在的问题的基础上，对明确农业技术经济学科的研究对象，归纳农业技术经济学科的基本理论，完善农业技术经济学科的基本原理和方法，拓展农业技术经济学的应用领域，构建新的农业技术经济学科体系等方面提出了自己的看法和建议。     

试论农业技术经济学的基本原理

农业技术经济学是研究农业技术经济效果的科学。是一门跨学科的、技术和经济相互渗透的边缘学科,是一门技术性很强的应用经济学,是社会主义农业经济学科体系中的一个新分支。农业技术经济学研究的出发点和归宿点就是农业技术(包括技术措施、技术方案和技术政策)的经济效果,所以农业技术经济学又可称为农业技术经济效果学。研究的客体就是农业技术和经济效果这对矛盾及其运动发展的规律性。     

生产经济学的性质与范围

生产经济学的性质与范围Ｅ．Ｏ．Ｈｅａｄｙ著郑大豪译安希校在被认为属于应用科学的农业经济学中，农业生产经济学是一个历史最长、流行最广的分支学科。农业经济科学本身就是起源于对农场生产经济的研究。这个学科不断发展，至今，从事这个领域的人员比其它分支学科都多...     

关于农业技术经济学基本理论的浅见

任何一门学科的产生与发展,都必须以一定的理论为基础,理论的发展又促进了学科的发展与完善,农业技术经济学也是如此。为了进一步促进农业技术经济学的发展,必须更好地研究它的基本理论。鉴于农业技术经济学是一门应用经济科学,因此,必须分两个层次来研究,即学科的基本理论与研究方法的基本理论。     

中南财经政法大学农业经济管理学科

中南财经政法大学农业经济管理学科创建于1954年（原专业为农业经济），1978年恢复本科招生，首批获经济学学士学位授予权．1981年获经济学硕士学位授予权，1998年农业经济专业调整为农业经济管理专业。同年被评定为湖北省高等学校重点学科，2003年农业经济学（应用经济学一级学科自主设置专业）获准招收博士研究生。2005年获农林经济管理一级学科硕士学位授予权。经过50多年的建设和发展。该学科取得了丰硕的教学和科研成果，建立了一支高学历、年轻化、结构合理的教学研究队伍。现有专任教师24人。其中：教授7人，副教授12人；80％的教师具有博士学位或博士在读；财政部跨世纪学科（学术）带头人2人。湖北省有突出贡献中青年专家1人，湖北省新世纪高层次人才（第二层次）1人。     

Macroeconomics and Undergraduate Agricultural Economics

This paper focuses on macroeconomics in undergraduate agricultural economics curricula. We briefly review some of what leaders in the agricultural economics and economics professions, macroeconomics teachers, and textbook authors say about what is important, what should be taught and learned in modern undergraduate macroeconomics courses. We also report on a survey of faculty of agricultural economics departments who have responsibility for undergraduate instruction in 50 U.S. agricultural economics undergraduate programs. The surveys provide information on the current status of economics courses in their programs and the relative importance of different macroeconomic subjects to students in undergraduate agricultural economics.     

The Labor Market for New Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics Ph.D.s

We describe the characteristics and labor market experiences of new agricultural and natural resource economics Ph.D.s. Women earned roughly 27% of the Ph.D.s earned during 1996–97 and 2001–02; 36% of the Ph.D.s awarded were earned by U.S. citizens. About half of the employed graduates found jobs in academe, with the remainder divided roughly equally among government, international or research organizations, business, industry, and consulting. The median salary of new Ph.D.s holding full-time jobs in the United States was $62,500 in 2002, up from $47,500 five years earlier.     

Can the U.S. ethanol industry compete in the alternative fuels market?

The U.S. ethanol fuel industry has experienced preferential treatment from federal and state governments ever since the Energy Tax Act of 1978 exempted 10% ethanol/gasoline blend (gasohol) from the federal excise tax. Combined with a 54c/ /gal ethanol import tariff, this exemption was designed to provide incentives for the establishment and development of a U.S. ethanol industry. Despite these tax exemptions, until recently, the U.S. ethanol fuel industry was unable to expand from a limited regional market. Ethanol was dominated in the market by MTBE (methyl‐tertiary‐butyl ether). Only after MTBE was found to contaminate groundwater and consequently banned in many states did the demand for ethanol expand nationally. Limit pricing on the part of MTBE refiners is one hypothesis that may explain this lack of ethanol entry into the fuel‐additives market. As a test of this hypothesis, a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model of the ethanol fuel market is developed. The results support the hypothesis of limit‐pricing behavior on the part of MTBE refiners, and suggest the U.S. corn‐based ethanol industry is vulnerable to limit‐price competition, which could recur. The dependence of the corn‐based ethanol price on supply determinants limits U.S. ethanol refiners' ability to price compete with sugar‐cane‐based ethanol refiners. Without federal support, U.S. ethanol refiners may find it difficult to compete with cheaper sugar‐cane‐refined ethanol, chiefly from Brazil.     

农业经济学与数学

从学科科学化进展的角度,讨论了农业经济学日益数学语言化的必然趋势。一方面论述了农业经济学依赖数学成为常规科学的历程,另一方面展望了这个学科继续运用数学发展自己的前景。讨论的基本出发点是现代农业经济学与数学的本质联系;焦点是农业经济学基础理论的科学化;主要结论是:以基础理论形式化为标志的农业经济学的科学化,必将更加依赖数学,更加有效地运用数学,才能更加有效地揭示规律,发展本学科的深层智慧。     

Size and industry effects in the performance of agricultural cooperatives

The objective of this study is to determine if there are important size and industry effects on financial performance of agricultural cooperatives. The performance of 43 dairy, food, grain, and farm supply cooperatives in the U.S. was analyzed over the period 1970-1987 using financial ratios derived from accounting data. The analysis revealed significant size and industry effects. Large regional cooperatives are more efficient in utilizing their assets to generate sales, while small regional cooperatives have higher profitability. The findings suggest that the emphasis on growth may not always produce beneficial results among agricultural cooperatives. Among the four industries studied, the dairy regional cooperatives appear to be the strongest performers, while the food marketing cooperatives are characterized by the lowest performance measures. Since both dairy and food cooperatives engage in value-added processing, this difference in performance makes it difficult to reach clear conclusions about possible advantages of disadvantages or vertical integration relative to traditional cooperative activities. Trend analysis indicates that the profitability of the agricultural cooperatives in all industry and size categories declined in response to the downturn in U.S. agriculture after 1980. While the decline in profitability was at similar rates for both large and small cooperatives, the variation of efficiency and leverage was in opposite directions. Large cooperatives may be expected to continue improving their asset utilization without relative improvement in profitability, and increasing the level of their debt in relation to equity.     

美国农地保护方法及其借鉴

研究目的：探讨美国农地保护方法及其对中国的借鉴。研究方法：逻辑分析，对比分析。研究结果：中国现行农地保护政策存在不足。美国农地保护的启示：（1）农地保护目标应包括保证粮食安全、农业产业发展、环境、城乡土地的合理利用，实现数量、质量、生态的综合保护；（2）发挥中央政府、地方政府、农地保护组织和农民的主体作用，促进农地的保护和保持；（3）完善法规调控体系，改革政府参与方式，减少土地套利，完善市场配套设施、引入市场激励机制，根据地区资源和经济发展情况实行差异化方法。研究结论：美国农地保护目标、管理体系及具体方法等对中国有借鉴作用。     

Market and Cost Structure in the U.S. Beef Packing Industry: A Plant-Level Analysis

A resurgence of consolidation in the U.S. meat packing industry in the past few decades has stimulated academic and policy debate. Issues raised include the role of cost economies in driving these patterns, and the effects on the agricultural sector (cattle producers) from market power. Here, plant level cost and revenue data for U.S. beef packing plants are used to estimate a cost-based model incorporating cattle- and output-market pricing behavior. The robust results indicate little market power exploitation in either the cattle input or beef output markets, and that any apparent evidence is counteracted by cost efficiencies such as utilization and scope economies.     

The economics of on-farm processing: model development and an empirical analysis

Recent trends in the developments of the Common Agricultural Policy suggest an increasing attention towards rural development issues. On-farm processing may offer an alternative for diversification, income generation and rural development in the event of increasingly deregulated agricultural markets. In this study, the economics of on-farm processing for the case of the Swedish potato industry is examined. An interregional partial equilibrium model is developed. Various stages of the potato marketing chain are explicitly modelled. It is empirically demonstrated that, in some regions, on-farm processing is a part of a socially optimal industry structure. Furthermore, it is shown that on-farm processors are more robust towards import competition than bulk product producers. Hence, the results support the notion that small scale processing may contribute towards satisfying some of the objectives of an effective rural development agenda.     

Revisiting Aggregate U.S. Meat Demand with a Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates Approach: Do We Need a More General Theory?

Although meat demand is one of the most studied issues in agricultural economics, our understanding of this phenomenon has been hampered by valid concerns about model specification uncertainty. This article revisits the need for more general theories of aggregate U.S. meat demand. Using a Bayesian averaging of classical estimates approach, we draw comprehensive inferences over 1,048,576 demand systems. We find very little evidence supporting the need for more general theories that include demand determinants beyond prices and expenditures. We find strong evidence in support of symmetry and negativity, but strong evidence against homogeneity, which is consistent with other research.     

Linking of U.S. monetary policy and exchange rates to world soybean markets

The linkage between macroeconomic policies and agricultural commodity trade has become an important research issue of agricultural economists. This paper investigates the macroeconomic linkage of soybean trade competition between the exporting countries of the United States, Brazil, and Argentina in the EC-12 and Japan import markets. It is argued that U.S. monetary growth may have important impacts on the competitive position of U.S. soybean exports through exchange rates. Two relationships are investigated: (a) the effects of U.S. monetary growth on the agricultural trade weighted exchange rates, and (b) the responsiveness of agricultural commodity prices and U.S. exports to exchange rate movements. Results indicate that a weak dollar increases imports of soybeans and soymeal significantly which serves to increase the equilibrium world price and increase both U.S. and Brazil/Argentina exports in the long run. However, during periods of more expansionary U.S. monetary policy there is little evidence of significant increases in market share position for U.S. soybeans and soymeal in world markets.