基于技术进步的新疆能源消费回弹效应的估算

研究能源消费的回弹效应对于制定节能减排政策具有重要意义。文章基于新古典主义生产函数构建了能源消费回弹效应的模型,测算了新疆技术进步对经济增长的贡献率和能源消费的回弹效应,研究结果表明:1991-2011年新疆能源消费平均回弹效应达到了2.48,技术进步对于新疆能源消费具有很强的回弹效应,经济增长高度依赖于能源的投入,因此,新疆不能仅仅依靠技术进步提高能源效率来实现节能减排,还应辅之以产业结构调整、政府管制等手段,以及国家能源价格和资源税等宏观政策配合实施。     

基于SDA的中国海洋经济增长动力转换路径研究

本文基于结构分解分析法(SDA),对中国海洋经济增长动力进行深入研究。将中国2002—2007年,2007—2012年期间海洋经济增长动力分解为需求扩张效应、增加值率变动效应和技术进步效应,测算出不同效应对海洋经济增长的贡献率。结果表明:第一,中国海洋经济增长整体上依然依赖于需求扩张,消费对海洋经济的拉动作用最强;第二,海洋第三产业对中国海洋经济增长的贡献最大,且呈上升趋势;第三,技术进步效应贡献率在海洋三大产业中均呈现下降趋势,增加值率对海洋第三产业、海洋第二产业的贡献则在加强。最后,本文结合实证分析结果,就如何转换中国海洋经济增长动力路径进行了探讨。     

中国能源消耗地区差异实证分析

本文在对中国地区能源强度差异分析的基础上,用迪氏因素分解法将各地区的能源强度分别按照结构因素和技术进步因素进行分解,结论是技术进步是各地区能源强度下降的主要因素;然后,利用计量经济学中的面板数据模型进一步从变量层面上分析引起地区能源消耗差异的原因,结论是东部能源价格发生了扭曲并且其高产出是依靠高能耗实现的;最后,对全文进行总结,并有针对性地提出建议。     

我国与"一带一路"国家贸易活动中 隐含能耗分解

"一带一路"倡议促进了我国的经济发展,同时也影响了我国产业的能耗。研究通过采用投入产出、能源及"一带一路"国家进出口贸易数据,构建"一带一路"国家能源投入产出模型,测算其进出口能耗及进出口隐含能耗,并对出口能耗进行了分解。研究发现,2002—2010年我国与"一带一路"国家在贸易活动中以进口为主,净能耗为负,2011年净能耗转变为正值。我国出口产品包含的国内耗能小幅上涨,到2010年开始大比例下降。2003—2007年期间与"一带一路"国家外贸活动的出口能耗是升高的,其中贡献最大的是出口规模效应和出口结构效应,2007—2011年"一带一路"国家的出口能耗是下降的,其中贡献最大的是能源效率效应和投入效应。实际出口能耗变动受到一定程度的战略影响,但并不特别显著。     

我国海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率的增长动力——基于转换份额分析法的实证分析

为研究我国海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率增长的动力结构,运用转换份额分析法将1989-2014年我国海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率增长率分解为由产业结构变迁引致的静态与动态结构变迁效应、由技术进步引致的生产率增长效应,结果显示生产率增长效应对海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率的增长贡献远高于静态与动态结构变迁效应之和的贡献,静态与动态结构变迁效应之和的贡献表现为"先增大、后减少"态势,生产率增长效应的贡献表现为"先逐渐减少、后增大"态势。技术进步是海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率增长的主要动力;海水养殖业对海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率增长的贡献大于海洋捕捞业。     

农业技术进步、空间效应与城乡收入差距基于省级面板数据的分析

目的 通过构建空间计量模型，实证检验2007—2018年我国农业技术进步对城乡收入差距的直接影响和空间溢出效应。方法 文章基于我国31个省（区、市，不含港澳台）的面板数据，利用空间杜宾模型，并设置邻接矩阵、地理距离矩阵和经济距离矩阵，分析农业技术进步对城乡收入差距的影响，并进一步将农业技术进步分解为农业前沿技术进步和农业技术效率。结果 （1）中国省域城乡收入差距具有显著的空间集聚特征，呈现出“高—高”和“低—低”的空间分布特征。（2）农业技术进步不仅有利于缩小当地城乡收入差距，还可以通过空间溢出效应促进邻近地区城乡收入差距的缩小。（3）农业前沿技术进步对当地城乡收入差距的缩小具有显著的促进作用，但对邻近地区的溢出效应不明显；农业技术效率则具有明显的空间溢出效应。结论 农业技术进步有助于缩小城乡收入差距。要继续加大农业科技投入，进行农业科技创新，提升农业技术效率，同时加强省际间的交流与合作，促使区域间农业技术的创新、转化与扩散。     

基于LMDI法的我国海洋渔业碳排放驱动因素分解研究

本文将我国海洋渔业人均碳排放驱动因素分解为碳排放系数、能源强度、产业结构和产业规模,运用LMDI分解法对2003—2013年我国海洋渔业碳排放进行实证研究,得出结论:我国海洋渔业人均碳排放的总增量共计0.157万吨,碳排放系数、能源强度、产业结构和产业规模的累积效应分别为0.262、-1.131、-0.274和1.3万吨;综合考虑逐年和累积效应,产业规模是正向驱动因素,能源强度是负向驱动因素,而产业结构和碳排放系数的驱动效应具有不稳定性;通过控制海洋捕捞业的比重以及碳排放系数的变化率,能够使产业结构和碳排放系数因素稳定为负向驱动因素;降低海洋捕捞业比重、促进海洋捕捞渔船改造及作业方式转型、提高海洋捕捞效率、提高贝藻类养殖比重等是抑制海洋渔业碳排放的深层驱动因素。     

基于LMDI分解法的新疆碳排放驱动效应研究

文章利用2002-2011年新疆人均生产总值和碳排放量等相关数据,以LMDI分解法为着手点,从经济规模、能源强度、产业结构和产业排放等四个方面来探索新疆碳排放增加的主要推动因素,并从工业、建筑业、交通运输业等5个产业的角度进行碳排放分解效应研究。结果表明,新疆的经济规模效应和产业排放系数效应对总碳排放效应主要是正向作用,而产业结构效应和能源强度效应主要起到负向阻碍作用;而从贡献度大小来看,经济规模效应和能源强度效应分别是最大的正向推动和负向阻碍效应;分行业新疆碳排放驱动因素分解结果表明,工业一直是各效应最主要的影响因素,贡献度都在70%以上,其余产业影响程度较小。     

碳排放约束下中国农业能源效率及其全要素生产率研究

本文基于方向性距离函数和DEA方法,测算了中国31个省市2000~2011年农业能源效率,分析比较了碳排放约束下全国整体、五大区域及31个省份农业能源效率和节能潜力,并对农业全要素生产率进行分解和收敛性检验。研究表明:碳排放强度相对较低的地区能源效率普遍高于其他地区;全国及五大区域能源效率动态演进趋势由相对集中到逐渐扩散,且增长不明显;考虑碳排放约束下农业全要素生产率和技术进步效率都得到明显提高;五大区域农业全要素生产率存在显著的绝对收敛和条件收敛,全国整体上各地区间差距在逐渐缩小,最终将会稳定在同一水平。文章作者提出制定差别化的农业能源消费结构,提高能源利用效率等措施,有利于缩小各地区间农业全要素生产率差距,并改善各地区间的收敛水平。     

技术扩散视角下农业碳排放区域溢出效应研究

农业技术进步是实现农业减排的重要途经,如何通过区域间的技术扩散带动全国整体农业减排是值得研究的重要问题。基于中国2009—2017年省域数据,分别从农业技术进步水平和潜力两方面测度农业技术进步,并构建空间杜宾模型探讨农业技术进步对农业碳排放区域溢出的影响和技术溢出的可能渠道。结论显示,“同群效应”引起各省份农业碳减排的直接互动;“学习效应”和“涓滴效应”带来区域间农业技术扩散,引起农业碳减排的间接互动;农业技术进步空间扩散更可能在农业经济发展相近的地区间发生。最后,从制定区域协同减排政策、增强农业技术溢出、加强地区经济联系、优化农业产业结构等方面提出建议,为科学引导区域间农业技术溢出、实现农业合作减排奠定基础。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.