湛江市土地利用总体规划实施生态效应评价

如何定量评价土地利用总体规划实施的生态效应是十分值得关注的一个问题。本文从生态系统服务价值的角度对湛江市土地利用总体规划（1997～2010年）实旋的生态效应进行定量评价。结果表明：1996～2005年，湛江市生态系统服务总价值从1996年的217．1214亿元增加至2005年的217．9867亿元，增加了0．8653亿元：耕地、林地、牧草地、居民点及工矿用地面的生态系统服务价值在减少，园地、水域和未利用地的生态系统服务价值在增加。2006～2010年，湛江市生态系统服务总价值进一步增加，但耕地、林地、居民点及工矿用地面的生态系统服务价值进一步减少。湛江市土地利用总体规划（1997～2010）的实施取得了一定的生态效应，但远远未达到规划预期目标。     

城市边缘区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究——以大连市甘井子区为例

以大连市甘井子区为研究对象,基于GIS技术结合土地利用动态度模型和生态系统服务价值估算方法,分析2000、2003、2006和2009年4个时序的大连市甘井子区土地利用数据,研究其土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。大连市甘井子区作为典型的城市边缘区,对其进行研究,可以得出城环边缘区的土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响特征,对城市边缘区的土地利用规划与整理提供科学价值。结果表明,大连市甘井子区2000~2009年土地利用发生明显变化,耕地、园地、未利用地面积减少,建设用地、林地、水域面积有所增加,耕地土地利用动态度为-6.10%,建设用地土地利用动态度为1.27%;2000~2006年甘井子区生态系统服务价值呈现增加态势,6年间增加2 600.91万元,2006~2009年呈现减少态势,3年间减少679.36万元;除林地外,其他土地利用敏感性指数均小于1,生态系统服务价值对价值系数缺乏弹性。     

基于生态服务价值的天门土地利用总体规划环境影响评价研究

本研究基于生态系统服务价值理论对天门市2006~2020年土地利用总体规划方案进行环境影响评价。鉴于谢高地等建立的我国生态系统服务功能价值评估体系不适于中小尺度的区域研究,本文根据天门市实际情况修正各土地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值系数,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式结合ARCGIS 9.3技术得出2005~2020年天门市生态系统服务价值的变化:生态服务总价值量增加7.75亿元;生态服务价值结构变化较小,食物生产、气体调节和保持土壤这三项价值有所减少;空间分布变化主要表现为中心城区城镇生态系统的扩大和周围工矿生态系统的减少。评价结果对天门市生态环境建设具有重要的现实意义。     

土地整治生态系统服务价值变化研究——以霍城县北山沟灌区萨尔布拉克镇土地整治项目为例

文章以伊犁河谷区霍城县北山沟灌区萨尔布拉克镇土地整治项目为例,从土地整治活动引起的土地利用变化入手,采用生态系统服务价值法和敏感性分析法将土地整治引起的生态系统价值变化进行定量化分析。研究结果显示:案例研究区域土地整治后由耕地和农田基础设施用地增加引起的生态系统服务价值的增加量为528.84万元/年,而由其他草地和裸地面积减少带来的生态系统服务价值的减少量为380.23万元/年,二者相抵后,案例区由土地整治引起生态系统服务价值增加了148.62万元/年。土地整治前后土地利用类型的变化,导致研究区各土地类型的ESV和各单项生态服务价值均有发生变化。     

土地利用变化的生态系统服务价值核算研究——以无锡市为例

通过对无锡市1999~2012年土地利用数据,采用基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值评估体系,对其生态系统服务价值进行核算。结果表明:1999~2012年无锡市土地利用结构发生了显著变化,建设用地快速扩张,耕地数量锐减,林地稳步增加,水域面积明显减少;无锡市生态系统服务总价值呈持续下降趋势,由1999年的40.55亿元减少到2012年的38.17亿元,减少5.86%,主要是由耕地和水域生态服务价值下降所致;研究区生态系统服务价值构成以河流和湖泊为主,占总价值的65%以上。因此,无锡市应合理开发利用土地资源,重点保护河湖生态系统,严格保护现有耕地,维护经济发达地区的生态服务功能,确保城市生态安全。     

基于生态系统服务功能价值理论的土地利用规划环境影响评价——以安阳市为例

研究目的对土地利用规划环境影响的评价方法进行实证研究,为土地利用规划修编提供依据.研究方法以生态系统服务功能价值理论为基础,结合区域实际确定安阳市各种土地利用生态系统的单位面积服务功能价值,根据安阳市规划期内的各种土地利用类型的面积变化,预测安阳市新一轮土地利用规划初步方案实施前后生态系统服务功能总价值的变化,评价实施规划将产生的生态环境影响.研究结果安阳市2004-2020年土地利用规划初步方案是切实可行的,方案的实施将给安阳市带来良好的生态环境效益.研究结论生态系统服务功能价值理论的引入,实现了土地利用规划环境影响定性分析与定量评价的结合,对正确制定土地利用决策具有意义.     

基于LUCC的庐江县生态系统服务功能价值变化

计算得到2013年安徽省单位面积生态系统服务功能价值表,估算2009~2013年庐江县土地生态系统服务价值,并分析土地利用/覆被变化对其生态服务价值的影响。研究表明:(1)土地利用/土地覆被变化主要表现为除耕地以外的非建设用地的减少,而建设占用是这种减少的最主要原因,尤以2012年度为甚。(2)生态系统服务总价值逐年递减,总减少量约为5490万元,年均减少约1373万元。其下降主因是水域、湿地、林地的减少。(3)生态系统服务功能价值主要集中在水域、耕地和林地之中。     

大庆市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

采用生态服务价值法对大庆市1996-2007年土地利用变化引起的生态服务价值变化进行了研究,结果表明土地利用类型面积变化为:草地耕地水域未利用地林地建设用地。耕地、林地、水域、建设用地呈增加态势,而其他地类则减少。其中水域增幅最大,达42.31%;牧草地减幅最大,达4.13%。11年间大庆市生态系统服务价值总量增加324506.61万元,主要得益于水域面积的增加,耕地、林地的增加对生态系统服务价值量的增加也起到了一定的作用。这表明大庆市生态建设取得了成效,生态环境质量有所提高。     

土地利用类型变化与生态系统服务价值分析——以赤峰市农牧交错带为例

随着经济的快速发展,土地利用变化频繁,生态问题日益凸显。为了探究土地利用与生态系统的密切联系,为生态建设提供理论依据,以内蒙古赤峰市农牧交错带为研究区,基于1997年、2004年和2011年的三期TM影像数据,运用土地利用动态度分析土地利用类型变化,并参照中国陆地生态系统服务价值的计算方法估算出研究区的生态系统服务价值。结果表明,研究区3期的耕、林、草面积均占土地总面积的90%左右;土地利用类型变化明显,在1997~2011年耕地面积先减少后增加,林地面积一直持续增加,草地面积不断减少;研究区的生态系统服务价值呈增长趋势,草地和林地对生态系统服务价值贡献最大,占总价值的85%左右;各土地利用类型的敏感性指数均小于1,说明研究区生态系统服务价值对所采用的生态服务价值系数缺乏弹性,研究结果具有一定可信度。土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值具有直接影响,科学合理利用土地对生态系统具有重要意义。     

陕北地区土地利用及景观格局变化对生态服务价值的影响*——基于退耕还林（草）背景

［目的］通过揭示退耕还林（草）工程背景下陕北地区近25年生态系统服务价值的演变规律，旨在为陕北地区的土地利用规划及新一轮退耕还林（草）政策的推进提供参考。［方法］以生态环境脆弱的陕北地区为研究对象，基于1990年、2000年、2015年3期的土地利用变化数据，以退耕还林（草）政策的实施为节点，利用土地转移矩阵、景观格局指数、生态服务价值损益表等方法对陕北地区的土地利用情况、景观格局演变以及生态服务价值的变化进行分析，借助相关性系数对土地利用类型、景观格局及生态服务价值之间的关系进行了定量研究。［结果］（1）草地、耕地和林地是陕北地区最主要的土地利用类型，耕地面积减少，林草地面积持续增加且增速加快。（2）近25年，陕北地区景观格局的连接性和通达性降低，景观格局主要呈破碎化发展趋势。研究区各景观类型的破碎化程度增大，空间异质性增加，草地是该地区的优势景观类型。（3）陕北地区1990年、2000年和2015年各类生态系统提供的总生态服务价值分别为38919亿元、39431亿元和40622亿元，退耕还林（草）前年均增长率为1396%，退耕还林（草）后这一比率增加至5622%。［结论］受退耕还林（草）政策的影响，陕北地区土地利用类型和土地景观格局的变化均对生态系统服务价值有显著的影响，但是不同的景观指数对生态系统服务价值的影响程度和趋势不同，水域和林草地面积对生态系统服务价值呈正相关，未利用地和城乡建设用地面积对生态系统服务价值呈负相关。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.