基于农产品期货市场的订单农业问题探讨

我国的订单农业一直难以得到有效的发展，其中一个很直接的原因是由于履约率低，而导致履约率低的原因又主要是订单农业中的价格风险问题，而利用农产品期货市场可以为订单农业的经营主体提供一个风险规避机制和有效的价格信息。而要利用农产品期货市场发展订单农业就必须对我国目前的农产品期货市场加以完善。     

农产品期货寻求突破

长期以来,我国农户相对分散、生产经营规模小,农业小生产难以与大市场对接,给现代农业发展带来了诸多障碍。期货市场具有特殊的交易机制和运行模式,在克服这些障碍方面具有独特作用。因此,加快现代农业建设亟待农产品期货市场参与。期货市场的风险规避功能有利于农业产业化发展。农业产业化,就是要将生产、加工、销售有机结合,实现一体化经营。订单农业是促进我国农业产业化的有效途径,但由于价格波动剧烈,常常导致履约率较低。农产品期货市场可成为订单农业中价格风险的"最终出口",在解决订单农业履约问题上具有明显优势,从而推动农业产业化顺利进行。     

利用期货市场促进订单农业发展

一、我国订单农业发展现状我国“订单农业”是伴随着农业产业化的进程而产生的。它是农业市场化的一种先进模式,但我国目前订单农业违约现象时有发生,履约率不高。价格风险是订单农业履约率低的主要因素。由于农业生产具有周期长和季节性等特点,现货市场上的农产品价格受供需不平衡的影响,价格波动大。尽管订单合约具有远期合约的性质,但农产品仍主要是在现货市场完成交易的,订单合同的签订与农产品的交割具有一定的时滞性,所以订单合约价格与远期的现货价格存在三种可能的关系:(1)合约价格与远期的现货价格相等,这种情况将不会影响农民和企…     

试析我国“订单农业”毁约风险的管理

“订单农业”是促进农业市场化的有效手段,是推动农业产业化经营的重要环节。但是,我国“订单农业”的实践表明,农业订单的履约率很低。如何提高农业订单的履约率,减小农民、企业等订单主体承担的毁约风险,已经成为我国农业产业化经营中一个刻不容缓的课题。本文认为,在我国“订单农业”中推行信用证、银行保函,以及大力发展期货市场、建立政策性农业保险制度等能有效管理我国“订单农业”的毁约风险,大大提高农业订单的履约率。     

期货市场与农产品价格风险防范

蛛网理论表明农产品市场自发存在价格波动风险。随着对外开放和市场经济发展步伐的加快,目前我国农业领域面临的风险种类增多,为农业生产带来了诸多不确定性。而期货市场的基本功能是转移价格风险,因此应充分利用农产品期货市场转移或规避农产品价格风险,但考虑到我国期货市场的发展现状,应注意进入方式、进入主体等方面的问题,防范期货市场本身的风险。     

农民进入农产品期货市场障碍与对策

随着经济的发展,人们越来越意识到期货市场的重要性。作为我国期货市场主流的农产品期货市场,在调整农业产业结构,稳定农业生产,规避农业风险,保护农民经济利益等方面有着举足轻重的作用。农产品期货市场为农民提供了一个完善的规避自然和经济双重风险的市场机制。一、农产品期货市场对农民的作用农业是高风险低收益的产业,农民受自然和经济的双重风险,利用农产品期货市场是农民转移价格风险的客观需要。第一、农产品期货市场具有引导农民合理进行生产的作用。农民经常受到“蛛网模型”的困扰,往往根据去年的行情决定今年种植的品种和数量,…     

期货市场与国有农场价格风险管理

价格风险是指由于农产品价格波动而带来的损失。价格风险管理 ,就是运用适当的手段对价格风险进行有效的控制 ,以减少农业经营的损失。长期以来 ,国有农场注重对自然风险的管理 ,而相对忽视了对价格风险的管理。随着农业市场化的逐步深入 ,特别是加入ＷＴＯ以后 ,我国农产品价格不仅受国内市场的影响 ,而且还受国际市场的影响 ,市场价格的波动将更加频繁 ,价格风险管理成为现代农业经营活动中一项不可缺失的组成部分。期货市场本质上是风险再分配市场 ,是一种市场化的风险管理工具 ,因此 ,本文对国有农场利用期货市场进行价格风险管理进行了…     

订单农业风险探讨

发展订单农业,对推进农业产业化进程,提高农业抵御自然风险和市场风险的能力,增加农民收入,调整农业结构,提高农民素质等方面,具有重要意义。但我国订单农业却发展缓慢,笔者认为主要是由于“订单”风险所致。一、订单农业风险分析(一)订单农业风险类型。1.价格风险。价格风险是订单农业的主要风险。价格是订单的核心,在市场经济条件下,农产品价格波动是难免的。而价格又直接决定生产者和经营者的经济利益。现实中,订单农业的签约双方所依据的只是当时的局部市场状况,加之受自身决策能力的影响,因而订单所确定的价格并不具有代表性。在订单到…     

“行业协会＋公司＋合作社＋专业农户”订单模式的实践与启示

上海福易得保健食品有限公司订单农业的实践表明,企业产品品牌的重要性会直接影响企业参与订单农业的积极性,农民专业合作社是发展订单农业的有效载体,农产品行业协会在订单签订和履行过程中可以起到重要的监督、协调和服务作用;同时,订单条款的安排也会影响订单的履约率。     

完善农产品期货市场

农产品期货市场具有风险转移和价格发现功能,是运用市场手段调控资源配置的有效手段,能够有效稳定农产品市场。因此,可以借鉴农产品期货市场发达国家的经验,促进中国农产品期货市场健康发展,从而稳定农产品市场,降低市场风险。     

农地整理对农地流转的影响探讨

农地流转是我国农村经济发展的必然选择,也是农村土地制度改革的方向;农地整理作为提高土地质量、补充耕地数量的途径之一,已经成为土地管理工作中十分重要的内容;对农地流转和农地整理进行了分析。并从土地集中程度、土地利用的经济效益、土地利用的成本和土地流转规模等方面探讨了农地整理对农地流转的影响。     

The agricultural policy trilemma: On the wicked nature of agricultural policy making

Agricultural policy has been seen as exceptional, compartmentalized and complex. Consequently, policy making in agriculture has been portrayed as particularly difficult – sometimes as an example of a ‘wicked problem’. In this paper I argue that agricultural policy is more than ‘just’ a complex and wicked problem. It tends to be inbuilt contradictions in the form of trilemmas in agricultural policymaking, which imply that some combinations of core goals are impossible to reach. In this article I develop and illustrate the concept of an agricultural policy trilemma with Norway as a case – a plausibility probe. I argue that the concept of a trilemma may be a useful analytical tool in analysing policy and shifting policy priorities. I describe the development, and workings, of the trilemma from the 1970′s to the beginning of the corona crisis in 2020.     

A scale invariant model for the expansion of agricultural land and government spending on the agricultural sector

The expansion dynamics of the agricultural surface is a complex process, since it requires decisions among different actors under a multitude of socioeconomic and natural conditions, expectations, and risks. This paper shows that despite this complexity, and at odds with the intuition, the density of agricultural lands and the government spending to foster agriculture around a human settlement displays a simple power-law relationship regarding the distance to such a settlement. The theoretical proof of this relationship is based on theoretical and empirical findings made by several authors on the expansion of population centers, river networks, species and ecosystem’s distribution. The empirical proof is made by fitting a simple power-law model having as response variables: density of agricultural land; government spending coverage, and government spending per unit of agricultural surface, while the distance to the centroid settlement is used as independent variable. Results show that the scaling exponents of the power-law relationship estimated from those models, with data from rural settlements in Mexico, are similar statistically to the expected values from theoretical models for the three expansion processes tested. Three applications of the scale-invariant attribute characterizing the expansion process of agricultural lands are presented:

• i)monitoring agricultural activities at the territories;
• ii)a proxy to estimate the expected growth of the agricultural surface; and
• iii)a typology to characterize government assistance at local level.

     

On the economics of agricultural production*

Agriculture is in the business of using ecosystem services to produce food. Examining how agro‐ecosystems function provides useful insights into the economics of agriculture. Of special interest are the presence and nature of scale effects, complementarity effects and convexity effects in ecosystem functioning. Implications for agricultural productivity and the economics of agriculture are evaluated. At the farm level, this helps to better understand the current trend toward greater specialisation. Current challenges for agricultural contracts, markets and policy are explored.     

Subsidies and agricultural productivity in the EU

This paper investigates the relationship between EU agricultural subsidies and agricultural labor productivity growth by estimating a conditional convergence growth model. We use more representative subsidy indicators and a wider coverage (panel data from 213 EU regions over the period 2004–2014) than have been used before. We find that, on average, EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies increase agricultural labor productivity growth, but this aggregate effect hides important heterogeneity of effects of different types of subsidies. The positive effect on productivity comes from decoupled subsidies, that is, Pillar I decoupled payments and some Pillar II payments. Coupled Pillar I subsidies have the opposite effect: they slow down productivity growth.     

Rural school access and the agricultural transformation

Improving children's access to primary and secondary education is a strategic goal for many global development agencies and government policymakers. Nevertheless, there is relatively little research examining how changes in rural school supply affect future labor markets. We leverage variation in the timing and location of secondary school construction in Southern Mexico to identify the effects of school supply on labor outcomes. We find that school construction increases expected education for school-aged children by about 4 years and raises the share of years working in the nonagricultural sector between the ages of 18–22 by 29.8 percentage points. The magnitude of the effects on share of years doing nonagricultural work is smaller for individuals from homes where an indigenous language is spoken. Our findings indicate that rural school construction in less-developed countries can accelerate the transformation from agricultural to nonagricultural economies, but there may be heterogeneous effects across socioeconomic groups and ethnicities.     

Women farmers’ participation in the agricultural research process: implications for agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia

Empowering women farmers to participate in agricultural research is a key strategy for sustainable agricultural development. Women empowerment has the potential to improve their roles in agricultural production while enhancing nutrition and food security. Although new agricultural development policies are focusing on improving women engagement in agriculture, there is limited literature on women empowerment in relation to agricultural research. This study used mixed methods to analyse women farmers’ participation in four stages of the agricultural research process – design, testing, dissemination, monitoring and evaluation. Two hundred and thirty individual interviews with women farmers and 16 focus group discussions with men and women farmers were conducted in four Woredas (districts) of Ethiopia. Quantitative data were analysed using binary and multivariate probit models. Qualitative data were analysed using line-by-line coding. The results showed that several empowerment indicator variables significantly (p?≤?.001) influenced women’s participation in different stages of agricultural research. Specifically, input in production decisions, autonomy in plot management, membership to farmer groups, and ability to speak in public enhanced women’s participation in different stages, in addition to access to information and extension services, education and land size. Cultural norms hindered women’s empowerment and engagement in research. To foster sustainable agriculture development, it’s important to integrate holistic and proactive gender perspectives into research strategies to increase women’s participation in farmer research groups, access information and knowledge, have voice and challenge constraining cultural norms and traditions.     

农业专项资金审计刍议

农业专项资金的范围十分广泛，包括农业基本建设投资，农业综合开发资金．商品粮棉基地、育林、水利、扶贫、农业银行贷款，世行贷款，亚行贷款，支农周转金，农发资金等，具有较强的专用性和政策性。使用农业专项资金的行业包括农、林、水、气四大系统．农业部门本身又包括农、林、牧、副、渔五...