基于RS和GIS的韶关市浈江区土地利用格局变化分析

土地利用格局变化是全球环境变化与可持续发展的重要研究内容。根据2009年和2012年韶关市浈江区遥感影像图,通过RS和GIS空间分析方法,分析浈江区土地利用格局及变化状况。研究结果表明:1城镇村及工矿用地和交通运输用地绝对面积增加,其余土地利用类型绝对面积均减少,绝对面积的变化与土地利用绝对面积大小相关;2交通运输用地的增加率最大,达48.28%,递减率最大的土地利用类型为其他土地,速率高达11.40%;3耕地、林地、草地、水域及水利设施用地和未利用地主要向城镇村及工矿用地转移,园地主要向交通运输用地转移,城镇村及工矿用地主要向林地转移,而交通运输用地没有发生转移。     

基于GIS的乌鲁木齐市中心城区空间增长边界研究

[目的]在我国城市化过程中,城市空间增长边界的划定作为城市空间管理的重要手段之一,可以有效缓解城市规模无序扩张、土地利用效率不高等问题。[方法]研究主要是根据乌鲁木齐市中心城区土地利用现状数据和社会经济发展数据对城区空间增长边界进行划定和分析,运用BP神经网络方法和灰色模型对2020年乌鲁木齐市的建成区规模进行预测,依托GIS空间数据处理平台对乌鲁木齐市中心城区行政范围进行建设用地适宜性评价,根据建成区规模的预测结果和建设用地适宜性评价结果综合分析获取中心城区空间增长的弹性边界及刚性边界,并分析其划定的合理性及建设用地增长的空间特征。[结果]到2020年乌鲁木齐市中心城区规模预计将达到5.227 6万hm~2。其中城区南部新增建设用地最多,但是城南区域对城市未来发展贡献的潜力较小;北部新增建设用地分布较为分散,主要是因为城区北部存在大面积的农用地。[结论]未来城市空间发展的重要方向是北部,这就面临着建设用地开发与耕地保护之间的矛盾,耕地保护不仅是为了粮食安全,更重要的是其承载的生态功能,完整的生态系统是城市可持续发展的重要基础,如何协调建设用地开发与耕地保护之间的关系显得尤为重要。     

基于GIS的苏州工业园区土地利用时空变化分析

基于GIS技术,利用土地利用动态度、土地转移矩阵模型对苏州工业园区1995-2013年间的土地利用时空变化进行分析,在此基础上进行土地利用变化驱动力分析。结果表明：18年间,苏州工业园区城市化十分迅速,其土地利用类型发生了一定的转化,耕地主要转化为城镇工矿、交通用地和园地,未利用地主要转化为城镇工矿、交通用地和耕地;在这18年间,工业园区土地利用变化的驱动力主要来自于人文因素的影响,人口增长、经济发展以及政策驱动是导致苏州工业园区土地利用变化的三个主要因素。     

近10年崇州市土地利用变化基本特征与空间格局

[目的]土地利用变化研究是揭示土地利用对人类活动响应程度的重要途径,通过对其变化特征及空间格局的研究讨论人地关系在不同地域空间上的强度与作用模式。[方法]基于2002年、2014年TM/ETM+影像,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,采用人机交互图像处理方法提取了崇州市土地利用信息,应用土地利用动态度、土地利用程度、空间转移图谱、城市扩展指数、缓冲分析模型和方法对崇州市近10年来土地利用变化时空特征进行了研究。[结果](1)土地利用类型以林地、耕地、建设用地为主,建设用地动态度最大达到5.72;整体土地利用程度由254.25增长到260.93,各乡镇变动值差异较大。(2)土地空间转换面积达1.850 85万hm~2,占研究区总面积的16.94%;增长面积最大的图谱单元依次是新增建设用地、新增耕地和新增林地;建设用地、耕地、水体与高程、坡度之间负相关性显著,坡度0°~6°是人类活动最频繁的区域。(3)中心城区建设用地面积大幅增长,缓冲范围内建设用地面积增加了2 120.76hm~2,城市中心自河流向东、东南、东北3个方向扩展。[结论]崇州市土地利用整体处于快速发展时期,地域差异明显,受人类活动影响显著。     

经济高速发展时期河南省土地利用变化分析研究

以河南省为研究区,对不同年份的土地利用数据进行分类系统整合,在此基础上,对河南省1996~2009年土地利用类型进行了对比分析,分析得出耕地、城镇村及工矿用地、林地、交通运输用地面积在增加,园地、草地、水域及水利设施用地、其它土地面积在减少,在各类土地类型转换中,林地是变化最为激烈的土地利用类型,其次是其它土地,变化最稳定的地类是交通运输用地,其次是耕地。     

土地利用结构、经济发展与土地碳排放影响效应研究——以乌鲁木齐市为例

[目的]在测算乌鲁木齐市土地利用碳排放的基础上,分析其土地利用结构、经济发展与土地碳排放间的关联效应,为乌鲁木齐市低碳土地利用提供参考。[方法]改进型灰色关联度模型、环境EKC模型。[结果](1)土地利用净碳排放总量递增趋势,净碳放量的持续上升显著地受建设用地碳排放增长的影响;(2)不同地类结构变化对土地利用碳排放影响效应呈现不同特点,建设用地对碳排放影响效应呈下降趋势,而耕地则在上升;(3)经济发展促进了碳排放增长,但在2014~2015年之间达到拐点,验证了环境库兹涅兹曲线的存在。[结论](1)推动增汇减排工作,抑制农用地转用,增加陆地生态碳吸收量;(2)发展低碳经济,提高能源利用效率和改善能源利用结构,降低建设用地碳排放;(3)深入推行"多规合一",提高土地利用宏观调控效率和低碳生态城市建设。     

基于ArcGIS的河南省土地利用变化特征研究

[目的]以河南省为研究对象,分析2005~2010年河南省土地利用变化特征及其影响因素,为日后河南省合理利用各类土地资源提供思考和借鉴。[方法]主要采用数据分析法和文献研究法。查阅文献搜集2005~2010年河南省土地利用情况相关数据,通过ArcGIS 10.2软件,得到河南省土地利用变化特征。[结果]河南省的主要土地利用类型是耕地,2010年占河南省土地总面积的63.12%。2005~2010年,河南省的耕地转移面积最大,为5.055 4万hm~2。其次为水域用地,转移面积2.184 8万hm~2。草地转移面积最小,转移面积为2 424hm~2。水域用地动态度变化为7.49%,未利用地动态度变化为6.86%,耕地变化动态度最小,为0.48%。耕地主要向建设用地转移,转移面积为13.403 1万hm~2。林地主要向耕地转移,转移面积为1.617 4万hm~2。未使用地主要向耕地和水域用地转移,转移面积分别为2 568hm~2和7 673hm~2。[结论]2005~2010年河南省土地利用格局发生了较大变化。耕地面积减少,建设用地面积增多。未利用地主要向耕地和水域用地转出。河南省单一土地利用动态度最大的水域用地,最小的是耕地。建议相关部门,依据各地地理条件、经济发展水平及土地利用中出现的问题,制定合理的政策和措施,促进土地利用健康发展。     

武汉市土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)时空特征研究

为揭示武汉市1994—2016年土地利用/覆被变化特征和三峡库区重要节点土地利用状况。利用1994年、2006年和2016年三期LandsatTM遥感影像和基础地理数据,通过目视解译对武汉市土地利用类型进行监督分类,分析武汉市土地利用结构特征、土地利用与覆盖变化的时空格局和重心迁移特征。研究结果表明:1994—2016年间,研究区的草地、水域和城乡、工矿、居民用地增加比例分别为0.48%、0.19%和4.53%;林地、耕地和未利用土地减少比例分别为0.82%、0.70%和0.99%;研究区内30.77%的区县草地面积比例最高,其次是林地、耕地。2016年城乡、工矿、居民用地比例最高的区县占武汉市总区县的50%。1994—2006年间,研究区各用地类型之间的相互转换较多;耕地的动态变化最为明显,总面积减少了972.69 km~2;林地净增加最多,为900 km~2;草地净增加264.38 km~2;城乡、工矿、居民用地净增加39.63 km~2。2006—2016年10年间,土地利用变化面积比例为63.69%;耕地和林地的动态变化最为明显;城乡、工矿、居民用地的转入面积为1738.79 km~2,转出面积为83.93 km~2;水域主要由林地和草地转化而来。22年间耕地的重心迁移最明显,向西南方向偏移29.14 km;草地向西北方向偏移16.59 km;林地向东南方向偏移12.99 km;城乡、工矿、居民用地和水域用地类型的重心迁移量微弱。     

基于RS和GIS的额济纳旗土地利用变化研究

基于Landsat卫星遥感数据,运用GIS方法,对额济纳旗1986-2000年以土地利用类型为表征的时空变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:14年来该区草地、林地、水域、耕地面积减少,居民工矿建设用地和未利用土地面积显著增加,土地利用动态转化过程以草地转化为未利用土地、林地转化为草地和未利用土地逆转为草地为主要特征,全旗土地利用的空间位置转换面积大于其数量变化.而气候变化和人类活动是导致研究区土地利用变化的主要因素.     

快速城市化背景下的桂林市土地利用时空动态分析

以城市化快速发展的桂林市五城区为研究区,1991年和2006年两期TM遥感影像为数据源,利用光谱影像信息增强与监督分类相结合方法提取城市土地利用空间信息,同时借助GIS空间分析工具,对桂林市15年间的土地利用时空动态进行了分析。研究结果表明:全市各类土地利用面积发生了明显变化。城镇与居民点用地、水体和其它用地面积均有较明显增长,耕地、林地面积出现不同程度减少,城乡建设用地面积增长已成为整个区域土地扩展的主体;全市土地扩展强度指数和相对变化率存在较大区域差异,城镇与居民点用地、水体和其它用地面积在五城区均呈增长态势,其中城镇与居民点用地扩展强度指数变幅最大,七星区、叠彩区面积扩展最快,雁山区最小。耕地、林地分别以象山区和七星区减少速度最快;从缓冲区上看,城市土地扩张空间差异明显,城镇与居民点用地扩展主要集中在距市中心2～10km的建成区与边缘地带,该地带内的林地、耕地正逐渐被城乡居住、工业与交通用地所替代。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。