美国推进农业可持续发展的经验与启示

[目的]通过分析美国农业可持续发展在法律、政策、制度、科技等方面的经验,对我国农业可持续发展提出建议,提升我国农业可持续发展和高质量发展水平。[方法]文章介绍了美国在统筹设计可持续农业法律和政策、建立农业研究教育与推广体系、开展农业水土资源保护与农业废弃物资源利用、企业引领可持续农业技术创新等方面形成的一些农业可持续发展有效的经验做法和模式,分析了美国农业可持续发展现在面临的主要挑战及其应对策略。[结果]美国推进农业可持续发展,重点包括以自然资源为基础的农业生产布局、以土壤质量为重点的耕地地力保护、以水质保护为核心的农业面源污染治理、以循环农业为重点的农业废弃物资源化利用4个方面内容,对我国有积极的借鉴意义。[结论]我国农业已到了绿色生态转型的发展阶段,要系统设计,加强统筹安排、制度创设,推进中国农业可持续发展。     

中国农业绿色发展的概念、内涵与原则

[目的]十八大以来,随着系列绿色发展理念的提出,对我国农业绿色发展的基础问题进行探究具有重要理论和现实意义。[方法]文章基于文献梳理的视角,界定农业绿色发展的概念,阐述农业绿色发展的内涵,提出推进农业绿色发展的原则,为我国农业绿色转型提供指导和借鉴。[结果](1)农业绿色发展是以资源环境承载力为基准,以资源利用节约高效为基本特征,以生态保育为根本要求,以环境友好为内在属性,以绿色产品供给有力为重要目标的人与自然和谐共生的发展新模式;(2)农业绿色发展的范畴涵盖农业布局的绿色化、农业资源利用的绿色化、农业生产手段的绿色化、农业产业链接的绿色化、农产品供给的绿色化、农产品消费的绿色化等"六化"共进;(3)农业绿色发展应遵循因地制宜、分类施策,资源节约、环境友好,产业闭合、绿色主导,创新驱动、科技支撑四大原则。[结论]农业绿色发展是在对我国当前农业生产现状进行深刻反思和对未来农业发展方向进行预判的基础上提出的新的发展模式,是促进农业全面转型升级和高质量发展的国家战略。     

农业绿色发展的内涵与评价研究

[目的]推进农业绿色发展是农业发展观的一场深刻革命,关键在体制机制创新,建立一套适用于全国不同地区农业绿色发展评价的指标体系与评价办法,从而增强各地农业绿色发展责任意识,为推进农业绿色发展提供方向指导和决策参考。[方法]通过对国内外相关研究的梳理分析,对新时代我国农业绿色发展的内涵进行界定,进一步明确农业绿色发展的评价思路。[结果]在此基础上,构建包括4个一级指标、19个二级指标的农业绿色发展定量评价体系与由6个一级指标、15个二级指标构成的农业绿色发展定性评价指标体系,提出了归一化法和标准化系数法等评价方法。[结论]政府要加快建立完善农业绿色发展组织体系、领导干部农业生态资源离任审计以及农业绿色发展考核奖惩制度等制度体系,进一步强化农业生态资源数据采集与统计体系建设,加快更新农业资源环境统计条目,为农业绿色发展评价提供数据支撑。     

畜禽养殖废弃物市场化困境及破解对策*——基于四川邛崃的实践

[目的]畜禽养殖废弃物已成为我国农村环境的首要污染源,但其本身是一项较好的农业资源,环境污染与资源浪费并存,政府和学者们皆提出"市场运作"思想,而当前畜禽养殖废弃物市场化利用水平低、市场化进程慢。通过选取我国畜禽养殖废弃物市场化作为研究对象,探究畜禽养殖废弃物市场化困境,结合四川邛崃的成功实践,提出推进畜禽养殖废弃物市场化的政策建议,实现资源化利用,减少农业面源污染。[方法]文章主要采用规范与实证相结合的方法,以市场经济学理论内容为研究框架,剖析当前畜禽养殖废弃物市场化困境,结合四川邛崃的实证分析提供经验借鉴,并提出政策建议。[结果]畜禽养殖废弃物市场运作面临较大困境:市场主体缺位;相关产品的市场价值低、供求脱节、价格扭曲、市场制度匮乏等,严重制约畜禽养殖废弃物的市场化利用。[结论]面对环境污染与资源浪费的矛盾,畜禽养殖废弃物的市场化是行之有效的途径,但目前其市场化还处于萌芽、摸索阶段,应加强政府引导,科学界定相关环境产权,明确责权利;培育多元化市场参与主体,建立与完善畜禽养殖废弃物市场体系;积极探索多种市场运作模式等,实现畜禽废弃物资源化利用,加快推进面源污染的防治。     

江西省水稻绿色生产的问题与对策研究

[目的]水稻生产是我国长江经济带"生态优先、绿色发展"的重要一环。江西省是我国长江经济带的黄金水稻种植区,其水稻生产具有起源早、历史久,产量高、贡献大,条件优、潜力大等优势特征。[方法]文章以江西省为例,以点带面,通过实地调研和文献资料收集,从水稻种植、效益、品牌、资源、水利、施肥、病虫害、机械化等方面系统分析了江西省水稻生产的状况和面临的问题,并从"绿色发展"的角度提出要构建水稻生产绿色发展体系。[结果]大力推广作物轮作,建立稻田绿色种植制度;控制稻田土壤酸化,修复土壤重金属污染;加快绿色抗性品种培育,提高品种国际竞争力;加快"三品一标"认证,推进绿色品牌建设;加快"一控两减"步伐,促进秸秆综合利用;农业机械绿色低碳化,控制机械化成本。[结论]要努力构建水稻生产绿色发展体系,实现长江经济带水稻绿色发展。     

美国农业资源管理的经验与启示

[目的]文章简要介绍了美国农业部有关农业资源管理的机构设置、法律体系、项目措施、资金投入、数据管理5个方面,总结先进的管理经验。[方法]通过文献分析法,再结合我国农业发展和资源管理的现状进行总结分析。[结果]我国目前存在农业资源管理不专业,资源底数不清,浪费严重,科技成果转化率低、数据共享机制不完善等问题。[结论]汲取经验得出启示,规范农业资源的使用和管理,加强资源和环境的保护力度,提高农业发展中的科技投入,促进数据资源的公开与共享,在保障农业生产的同时维护好生态环境,促使经济效益和生态效益共同提升,实现绿色发展。     

县域农业资源承载力评价预警系统构建初探

[目的]建立农业资源承载能力评价预警系统,加快提升农业资源环境管控能力,是调结构转方式、推进农业绿色发展、建设美丽中国的重大举措。[方法]按照绿色发展理念,以"驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应"(DPSIR)理论为基础构建农业资源承载力理论模型。[结果]以县域耕地和草地为研究对象,提出了基于承载体变化态势的农业资源承载能力评价预警思路;建立了农业资源承载力评价指标与综合集成评价方法、农业资源超载类型和预警等级划分体系;设计了农业资源超载成因解析准则和承载力调控政策创新方向。[结论]基于承载体视角的资源承载力评价预警系统适用于开放的县域农业资源管理;建立健全农业资源监测体系和资源台账,面向评价预警需求长期积累专题数据,突破"数据短板"。     

浙江省循环农业发展模式研究

有效发展循环农业,是促进农业增长方式转变和提高农产品竞争力的重要方式。浙江省在资源、环境的紧缺约束下,把发展高效生态农业作为全省现代农业建设的主攻方向,把发展循环农业作为实现高效生态农业的重要途径。该文在具体介绍当前浙江省循环农业的发展现状和3种主要实践模式的基础上,通过对其模式产生的社会经济特征环境的分析,提出了推进循环农业发展的相关对策建议。     

英国城乡规划体系及农村规划管理的经验与启示

[目的]对英国城乡规划体系及农村规划管理的发展历程、基本经验和主要特点进行归纳总结,分析其对我国当前加强农业与农村规划管理、推进城乡统筹发展、促进新型城镇化建设的启示和借鉴意义。[方法]基于赴英国进行城乡规划体系及农村规划管理与保护方面的实地考察、培训以及相关文献的综述分析。[结果]英国城乡规划体系建立缘于其解决城镇化发展过程所产生的"大城市病"问题,其发展经历了多次修改和调整,目前形成了"区域空间战略"和"地方发展框架"两级规划结构;英国的城乡规划体系十分注重对农村地区和小城镇的规划管理和保护,形成了一系列重要规则和制度。[结论]英国在城镇化发展过程中,完整地保存了传统乡村的历史建筑、风土文化和景观环境,值得充分学习和借鉴。当前,在统筹城乡发展和推进新型城镇化建设过程中,应充分发挥规划的引导作用和社会公众的参与作用,高度重视对农业与农村的保护和规划管理,同时要注重基于中国国情的再创新。     

浅谈黑龙江省黑土资源现状和问题及治理对策

黑龙江省地处世界著名的三大黑土带之一的东北黑土区核心区域,多年的重用轻养导致黑土地不堪重负,耕地质量下降,水土流失加剧,面源污染日趋严重。本文借鉴国际黑土保护利用经验,发挥黑龙江省黑土资源优势、遏制黑土退化,提出保障黑土资源能够可持续利用的对策:建立黑龙江省高效轮作机制、采取工程和农艺措施治理水土流失、控制面源污染积极修复黑土资源、大力推进生态循环农业发展模式。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.