中国食物安全脆弱性评价研究

目的 在全球新冠肺炎疫情等非常态因素影响不断蔓延、地缘格局突变及西方宣称经济脱钩之大背景下，中国食物安全的脆弱性问题愈发凸显，如何提高食物安全韧性成为食物安全战略的重中之重。方法 文章基于“暴露性—敏感性—适应能力”的基本框架，分别从全国层面、区域层面和省级层面建立食物安全脆弱性综合评价指标体系，运用熵值法对各层面食物安全脆弱性水平进行了综合评价，以及运用重点移动方法分析了食物安全脆弱性空间迁移特征。结果 全国食物安全脆弱性指数总体处于下降通道，但存在阶段恢复性的反弹特征；在食物安全脆弱性评价的权重中，食物生产维度最大，且其中的气候因素的权重相对较高；东部地区、主销区和东部沿海经济综合区是食物安全脆弱性较高的区域；天津、宁夏与上海的食物安全脆弱性问题突出；全国食物安全脆弱性重心呈向西南迁移态势，年均移动距离为90km。结论 有必要建立具有更具前瞻性、更高韧性和更强适应能力的食物安全战略，从减轻暴露性风险和敏感性及提高气候因素等适应能力入手，强化食物安全较为脆弱地区的食物安全风险监测、预警和管理机制，提高食物安全的适应能力。     

汉中市生态脆弱性评价及空间分布规律研究

[目的]通过评价汉中市生态系统的脆弱性,掌控其空间分布差异,以促进其资源的合理利用、实现其可持续发展。[方法]确定30m×30m的栅格为基本评价单元,建立汉中市各数据资料的栅格数据库,以此作为生态脆弱性评价的基础数据资料,构建生态脆弱性评价指标体系,并通过计算评价值来最终反映生态脆弱性的高低,以及区域脆弱性的空间分布状况。[结果]将汉中市生态脆弱性评价结果结果划分为潜在脆弱、轻度脆弱、中度脆弱、重度脆弱等4个级别,其中轻度脆弱所占比例最大,为38.46%,轻度脆弱区主要集中分布在汉中市东部,涉及县域主要包括略阳县东部地区,宁强县、勉县及南郑县大部分地区,留坝县北部地区;占比最小的为重度脆弱,仅为11.28%,重度脆弱区集中在镇巴县。[结论]汉中市生态脆弱性以轻度脆弱为主,其生态脆弱性呈现出由西北部地区向东南部地区逐渐增强的趋势。     

成都市城市脆弱性演变研究

聚焦资源-经济-社会-生态4个子系统,构建了城市脆弱性等级评价体系,应用状态空间法对成都市城市脆弱性特征进行评价与分析。研究表明:2000—2015年,除生态子系统脆弱性外,资源、经济和社会子系统脆弱性均不同程度下降,各子系统呈现不均衡变化,社会和经济子系统对城市综合脆弱性更为敏感,重大事件对城市脆弱性影响显著;城市综合脆弱性呈震荡式下降,并可划分为2002—2006年较低脆弱、2007—2011年为较强脆弱和2012—2015年较低脆弱3个阶段,成都城市脆弱性从资源主导型脆弱性向生态、社会主导型脆弱性转变。在未来城市发展中应逐步实现资源、经济、社会、生态4个子系统的动态平衡发展。     

大同煤矿区生态脆弱性评价

生态脆弱性评价是区域生态综合评价的重要依据。矿区生态环境脆弱性研究不仅对矿区的资源及环境有着重要作用,还指导了资源的合理利用,为矿区的可持续发展提供了意见。本文在生态脆弱性研究方法上,选择生态敏感性-生态恢复力-生态压力度模型,通过建立基于目标的第三个层次准则的判断矩阵,并加权汇总得出各个因素的重要性程度,依此方法,再建立基于目标的第二个层次准则的判断矩阵,运用生态脆弱性指数的计算方法,得出大同煤矿区的生态脆弱性指数,评价大同煤矿区的脆弱性。评价结果显示,大同矿区生态脆弱综合指数为0.3506,呈中度脆弱性。根据生态脆弱性结果为后续的生态环境恢复重建工作、制定综合治理策略及矿区的可持续发展规划进行指导。     

中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间格局及分区研究

[目的]农业水资源脆弱性是指在自然条件变动或人为条件干扰的前提下,衡量农业水资源系统影响农业可持续发展能力的指标,其评价对于农业水资源管理至关重要。在自然、社会以及人类活动变化条件下,农业水资源脆弱性研究可以结合暴露度、敏感度和适应度综合表达,这为实现农业用水系统的高效运作提供可能。研究目的是分析中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间格局,并对其进行分区与评价,为农业水资源管理提供科学依据。[方法]以中亚为研究区,依据水资源脆弱性概念框架,从暴露度、敏感度和适应度等3个指标中选取18个指标建立农业水资源脆弱性指标体系,采用等权重法和主成分分析法确定指标权重,对1992—2017年中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间格局及分区进行研究。[结果](1)中亚农业水资源暴露度、敏感度、适应度和脆弱性空间差异显著。受作物生育期的降水量、平均气温和相对湿润度指数影响,农业水资源暴露度大致由西南向东北降低;农业水资源敏感度主要受农业用水比例和农田灌溉定额影响,表现为从南到北降低的变化;农业水资源适应度受农业水分生产率和施政效率影响较大,表现为从南到北逐渐升高的变化;农业水资源脆弱性主要受敏感度和适应度因素影响,表现为自东北向西南升高的趋势。(2)根据中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间分布特征,将其划分为北部微度脆弱区、中北部轻度脆弱区、中南部中度脆弱区、南部重度脆弱区和西南部极度脆弱区5个大区,根据各分区农业水资源脆弱性地理特征,提出未来发展方向和对策。[结论]由于农业水资源供需矛盾不断加剧、水资源利用效率较低导致农业水资源脆弱性较高,因此管理农业水资源和调整农业生产布局成为中亚农业发展的重要问题。     

粮食主产区粮食生产与经济发展的“剪刀差”现象分析

粮食主产区和粮食主销区经济协调发展不仅是保障国家粮食安全的前提和基础,还是我国实现区域整体协调发展的重要组成部分。粮食主产区对国家粮食生产做出了重要的贡献,但粮食主产区与粮食主销区二者间的经济发展水平差距越来越大。本文作者通过"积差相关系数"这一数理指标验证粮食主产区和主销区人均粮食产量差异与人均GDP差异、人均财政收入差异以及农村居民人均纯收入差异的负相关关系,并从粮食主产区耕地机会成本损失视角对粮食主产区粮食生产与经济发展的反差现象做出了合理解释,以期为完善粮食主产区利益补偿机制提供决策依据。     

银川市城市脆弱性研究

以银川市为研究对象,从城市生态环境、经济、社会三个方面建立评价指标体系,运用熵值法和综合指数法,分别计算各子系统脆弱性及其综合脆弱性指数,对银川市脆弱性动态演变特征进行分析,并探讨了造成脆弱性的原因。研究发现:(1)2006-2015年,银川市生态环境脆弱和社会脆弱性波动幅度较大,经济脆弱性指数呈整体下降趋势;(2)2006-2015年,银川市城市综合脆弱性呈缓慢下降趋势,表明银川市城市脆弱性已由较低脆弱度向低脆弱度过渡。但从各子系统脆弱性的贡献度来看,经济脆弱性对城市综合脆弱性贡献的比重在逐年降低,生态环境和社会脆弱性均呈上升趋势,表明银川市城市脆弱性由经济主导型向生态环境和社会主导型的脆弱性转变。随着经济的快速发展,生态环境与经济发展之间的矛盾日益突出,转变现行的经济发展模式成为协调二者之间矛盾的必然选择。     

陕西省农村人居环境空间差异及优化策略

[目的]评估陕西省乡村人居环境综合水平及其空间分布和区域关联性，为乡村人居环境的区域协同优化发展提供参考。[方法]文章通过构建陕西省乡村人居环境评价指标体系，运用熵值法和加权法对其进行综合评价，同时结合ArcGIS软件和空间关联测度模型综合分析其空间格局及区域空间相关性。[结果]（1） 2010—2020年陕西省农村人居环境综综合指数呈逐年递增的态势；按照变化趋势可以分为2010—2013年缓慢发展期、2013—2018年快速增长期、2018—2020年稳定增长期3个发展阶段；各年份不同子系统综合发展指数的差异表现为“先扩大后缩小”。（2）区域层面来看，陕西省乡村人居环境综合指数以陕北平均值最低为0.469，陕南和关中较接近，分别为0.542和0.534；相对于陕北和陕南，关中各区域人居环境水平发展极不平衡，区域差异最显著；地级市中，西安市综合评价指数最高，安康市和汉中市次之，渭南市和延安市最低。（3）乡村人居环境体系各子系统在区域之间差距较大，不同区域各具优劣势。陕西省乡村人居环境水平指数存在空间聚类现象，表现为明显的高值集聚和空间自相关性，各地区子系统人居环境水平差距较大，热点和冷...     

福建省县域农业可持续发展水平研究

[目的]为全面分析福建省不同区域的农业可持续发展水平。[方法]采用相关性分析方法和主成分分析方法,收集了2011~2012年福建省农业基础数据,结合福建省省情,构建福建省67个县域单元农业可持续发展水平评价体系和确定评价体系权重,利用加权求和法建立福建省县域农业可持续发展水平综合评价模型。通过对福建省县域农业可持续发展农业资源子系统、农业生态环境子系统、农业社会经济子系统和综合指标的分析,得出福建省县域农业可持续发展水平指数、空间分布状况,探讨其形成原因。[结果]结果表明:2011~2012年福建省县域农业可持续总体发展水平良好,从总体上看,闽西和闽北地区的农业资源可持续发展指数较高,闽东地区的农业环境生态可持续发展指数较高,闽西地区的农业社会经济可持续发展指数较高,闽西和闽北地区的农业可持续发展综合指数较高。[结论]根据评价分析结果,提出福建省县域农业可持续发展未来发展方向,为福建省县域农业可持续发展提供参考依据。     

景泰县耕地后备资源生态敏感性评价与空间利用对策研究

[目的]中国西部干旱半干旱地区是我国耕地后备资源集中分布区和生态脆弱地区,保护生态环境稳定、实现有序稳妥开发是确保耕地后备资源可持续利用的前提。文章以甘肃省景泰县为例,采用新一轮耕地后备资源调查评价数据成果进行生态敏感性评价,以期为耕地后备资源的利用和管理提供参考。[方法]基于第二轮耕地后备资源调查评价成果,结合区域生态环境特征,构建了水土流失、土地沙漠化以及土壤盐渍化等3类因子共11项指标的生态敏感性评价体系,采取单因子评价法和多因子综合评价法,测算了耕地后备资源开发利用的生态敏感性。[结果]根据生态敏感性综合评价结果,可将景泰县耕地后备资源划分为不敏感、轻度敏感、中度敏感和高度敏感区域。综合来看,景泰县耕地后备资源约91.32%面积存在生态敏感性问题,其中以轻度敏感性为主;从单因子角度看,景泰县耕地后备资源的水土流失问题最为突出,敏感性面积比例超过96%,其次为土地沙漠化,敏感性面积达到65.50%, 1.77%的区域对土壤盐渍化存在敏感性。[结论]根据耕地后备资源生态敏感性评价结果,为保证耕地占补平衡以及降低生态风险,提出对策建议:应着重对于敏感性高的区域实施更为科学的保护和开发措施,避免造成恶劣的生态环境问题。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.