华北平原不同乡村发展类型农村居民点的比较研究

［目的］通过比较华北平原农业主导型、工业主导型、第三产业主导型和均衡发展型农村居民点的空间形态和演变特征，为合理规划和管理农村居民点用地，实现乡村振兴提供科学参考。［方法］借助eCognition developer 89软件，采用面向对象的方法解译获取1990年和2015年两期农村居民点空间数据； 根据县域中各产业发展水平来划分乡村发展类型； 比较不同乡村发展类型农村居民点的数量、规模、密度、形状等的变化特征。［结果］（1）不同乡村发展类型县域内农村居民点在数量、平均斑块面积、密度和面积占比等方面均有很大差异性。农业主导型县域内农村居民点具有数量多、密度高、单个斑块规模小、总规模大、面积占比大等特征； 工业主导型县域内农村居民点则呈现出数量少、密度低、单个斑块规模大、形状不规则和总规模较小等特点； 第三产业主导型县域内农村居民点的平均斑块面积最小，面积占比最低。（2）不同乡村发展类型县域内农村居民点演变的差异性主要表现在数量和总面积等方面。农业主导型县域内农村居民点演变的主要特征为数量和面积的双高增长； 工业主导型县域则呈现出数量增加较少、面积增加较多，并伴随形状更复杂的特征。第三产业主导型农村居民点的变化在各乡村发展类型中最小，并且农村居民点数量和平均斑块面积均略有减少趋势； 均衡发展型县域内农村居民点的变化主要表现为数量增加，在各乡村发展类型中数量增加最多。［结论］不同类型农村居民点的空间分布和变化差异明显，农村居民点的管控应分类施策，因地制宜，加强制度创新，使不具备区位优势和特殊资源禀赋的地区享有同等的发展权，分类实现乡村振兴。     

乡村振兴背景下河北省县域乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价研究

[目的]乡村振兴战略是新时代国家随着"三农"问题的发展变化而做出的有针对的战略考量,乡村振兴背景下,乡村内部社会经济体系和外部环境发生深刻变化,因此,科学客观地评价乡村振兴背景下乡村发展综合特征及其差异性,并划分乡村发展类型对于新时代乡村发展具有重要的意义。[方法]文章选取河北省为典型实证进行研究,通过构建乡村性评价指标体系对乡村性指数进行测度,运用ESDA等空间分析方法探究空间分异格局,并通过Pearson相关系数矩阵和数理统计方法对乡村发展类型进行划分。[结果]河北省县域乡村性指数差异明显,并呈现出"低值集聚,高值分散"的分布态势;河北省乡村性指数表现出明显的空间集聚特征,并在总体趋势和局部相关性分析中呈现"U"型曲线和"两核一带"的空间格局,邻域单元相互作用显著;根据乡村性指标体系的评价层特征,可以将河北省乡村发展划分为产业主导型、生态友好型、内化提升型、资本推动型和均衡发展型5种类型,不同类型乡村的发展策略和发展道路存在着差异。[结论]乡村振兴背景下乡村发展目标发生改变,通过对乡村性这一综合指标测算可以揭示区域乡村发展的空间格局和类型差异,从而为制定科学合理的乡村发展战略提供参考。     

重庆市乡村旅游资源空间特征及其与乡村振兴关系研究

[目的]探究重庆市乡村旅游资源的结构类型和空间特征,分析乡村旅游资源数量与乡村振兴之间的关系,对重庆市乡村旅游产业发展和促进乡村振兴具有指导意义。[方法]文章利用GIS技术定量分析重庆市乡村旅游资源的空间分布特征,通过空间分布模型探究乡村旅游资源空间分布的聚集程度,利用地理联系率探析人口规模和经济发展水平与乡村旅游资源分布的配合度。采用回归模型从整体上对重庆市乡村旅游资源数量与乡村振兴的关系进行分析,利用Pearson相关系数对不同经济发展区域关系进行研究,试图得到乡村旅游资源数量与乡村振兴的辩证关系。[结果]重庆市乡村旅游资源具有4种类型,农事体验类所占的比重最大,达到43.46%,乡村文化类所占比重最低为2.30%。乡村旅游空间布局特征结果表明重庆市4种乡村旅游类型在空间上的分布存在较大的区域差异,都呈现集中分布, 4种类型的景点与人口和经济的配合度较高。回归分析结果表明,乡村旅游资源数量与休闲农业和乡村旅游接待人次、农村卫生厕所普及率、村综合性文化服务中心覆盖率、县级以上文明村和乡镇占比和农村居民人均纯收入之间存在均衡关系。Pearson相关性分析结果表明除休闲农业和乡村旅游接待人次外,乡村旅游资源数量仅与农村居民人均纯收入之间存在低度相关性,不同经济区相关系数差异较大。[结论]综合以上研究结果,乡村旅游资源的空间分布特征既受当地经济发展的影响,同时又促进当地经济的发展,表明重庆市乡村旅游资源对乡村振兴具有一定的促进作用。建议在今后的发展中应拓展乡村旅游类型,提高乡村文化类景点的数量和比重,促进重庆市乡村旅游产业的均衡发展,实现不同经济区乡村经济的协调发展。     

湖北省乡村人—地—业时空耦合的状态与动态特征

目的 构建乡村人—地—业发展水平评价指标体系,定量分析2009—2017年湖北省乡村人—地—业发展时空耦合特征,探讨其发展状态耦合的分异特征和时空动态耦合的类型规律。方法 文章运用耦合协调度模型分析2009年和2017年湖北省县域乡村人—地—业状态耦合协调的时空格局,运用动态耦合度模型识别湖北省县域乡村人—地—业动态耦合类型。结果 2009年和2017年湖北省乡村地区人—地—业发展状态耦合度较高,呈现出“一圈一轴两片”的空间格局;湖北省乡村人—地—业整体处于初级协调状态,2009—2017年呈现出由勉强和初级协调向初级和中级协调转变发展的趋势;湖北省乡村人—地—业时空动态耦合水平整体明显低于状态耦合水平,其耦合关系可划分为人地业正向发展型、单系统发展滞后型、单系统发展引领型和人地业负向发展型4种类型,整体以单系统发展引领型和滞后型为主。结论 研究有助于把握乡村人—地—业发展的时空逻辑关系,能够为区域乡村振兴分类施策提供重要的决策支持。     

县域乡村振兴指标体系构建及其评价*——以广东德庆县为例

[目的]乡村振兴战略下县域尺度的评价指标较为缺乏,构建县域层面的乡村振兴评价指标体系,为丰富乡村振兴评价提供参考借鉴。[方法]研究围绕乡村振兴战略的"二十字"方针,结合《乡村振兴战略规划(2018—2022年)》主要考核指标,尝试性构建了县域层面的乡村振兴评价指标体系,包括5个二级指标与34个三级指标,采取熵值法评价了2009—2017年德庆县乡村发展现状水平,并根据县域乡村振兴规划目标测算了乡村振兴发展目标值。[结果]2009—2017年德庆县乡村发展总体水平不高,综合得分在0.06～0.1。该期间乡村发展表现为两个特征:2009—2013年乡村发展指数年均增速5.5%,增长平稳; 2014—2017年乡村发展指数年均增速4.6%,增长放缓。同时,对标2018—2022年县域乡村振兴规划还有较大的差距,需要加快发展速度。从乡村振兴各维度看,产业兴旺和生态宜居所占的权重较大,表明在乡村振兴战略中产业兴旺和生态宜居是最主要因素,随后是生活富裕、治理有效和乡风文明。[结论]德庆县是广东中西部山区县,农业产业化程度有待提升,一、二、三产融合亟待加强,生态优势尚未转化为产业优势。随着《德庆县乡村振兴战略规划(2018—2022年)》实施推进,乡村振兴需加快发展速度,从产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕5方面全方位发力,最终实现乡村振兴发展目标。     

西南贫困地区乡村性变化与乡村转型耦合协调关系研究

[目的]随着我国脱贫攻坚、美丽乡村建设、乡村振兴战略的深入推进,乡村性变化、乡村转型发展成为近年学术研究的热点,但关于乡村性变化与乡村转型发展耦合关系尚少有研究。[方法]以西南地区267个国家级贫困县为研究对象,通过建立乡村性与乡村转型发展评价指标体系,采用优化后的熵权法和ESDA方法,研究2015年相对于2005年西南地区贫困县乡村性和乡村转型的空间变化特征;并选择耦合协调度模型探讨乡村转型发展与乡村性的耦合协调关系。[结果]2015年相对于2005年,研究区乡村性变化值在-0.454 4～-0.047 8之间变动,乡村性变化值较大的县域分布于研究区东北部的四川盆地周边低山丘陵和平行岭谷地形区,以及云贵高原的滇中、黔中与城市邻近县域;各县域乡村转型度值在0.190 0～0.646 9之间变化,按照转型度由低到高可以分5级,其中,乡村转型度较低(Ⅱ级)和乡村转型度中等(Ⅲ级)的县域分布广泛;乡村转型与乡村性变化的耦合协调度值在-0.736 3～-0.339 8之间变化,耦合协调类型的空间差异比较明显,有4个县域属于拮抗不协调类型,大多数县域属于低级或中级耦合协调类型。[结论]西南贫困地区乡村性变化和乡村转型发展度在空间分布上与研究区自然地理环境及区位条件的分异大体吻合,地势平缓、区位条件较好县域的乡村性变化、乡村转型度、耦合协调水平整体优于地理条件较差县域。应根据耦合协调发展差异,因地因时制宜强化乡村产业发展、完善基础与公共服务设施,增强区域发展能力建设。     

乡村振兴背景下镇域乡村性的空间分异及乡村发展策略——以福建省德化县为例

[目的]评价德化县镇域尺度上乡村性水平,甄别乡村类型并划分乡村发展类型区,提出乡村发展的差别化策略。[方法]文章从乡村性概念模型出发构建综合评价指标体系,采用描述性统计指标作为评价结果的划分依据。[结果](1)山区属性和与城乡二元格局叠加,致使德化县各镇域乡村发展水平及其内部特征具有明显的空间异质性。(2)根据综合乡村性,德化县的所有镇域乡村可划分为3种类型:绝对乡村、相对乡村和城镇,绝大部分镇域处于相对乡村的状态。(3)基于产业要素的发展水平,德化县所有镇域可划分为三大发展类型区:极化突破区、均衡提升区和优化重组区3种。[结论](1)以上3种乡村发展类型区应分别采取"优势极化、规模集聚""协同增长、内聚提升""长短互补,边界跨越"的乡村发展策略。(2)未来乡村振兴应进一步加强对于山区乡村衰落机理和发展路径的研究。     

休闲农业与乡村旅游驱动乡村振兴的海外经验借鉴

[目的]休闲农业与乡村旅游成为中国乡村继工业化模式之后驱动乡村发展、实现乡村振兴的又一重要路径。分析海外发达经济体休闲农业与乡村旅游驱动乡村振兴经验,可为中国大陆推进乡村振兴战略提供参考与借鉴。[方法]通过文献梳理、归纳总结等方法,梳理分析了海外发达经济体的基本做法,形成了相关启示。[结果]海外发达经济体注重以系统的政策与法规保障旅游与乡村融合发展、以权威的行业协会推动乡村旅游可持续发展、以乡村原真性统领旅游产品的创意创新、以品质认证和一体化营销推广乡村和乡村旅游,成为旅游驱动乡村振兴共性经验。[结论]海外发达经济体积累的经验给中国解决旅游驱动乡村振兴面临的诸多困境带来了4点启示:应充分发挥政策引领作用、凸显旅游平台价值、倡导旅游工匠精神和搭建一体化乡村综合服务云平台,从而切实发挥旅游业在驱动乡村振兴中的作用。     

乡村振兴的理论逻辑及发展重点研究*——以陕西关中地区为例

[目的]乡村振兴战略是新时代解决"三农"问题的综合性系统方案,明确新时代乡村振兴的科学逻辑和发展重点,探索因地制宜的乡村振兴战略模式,对有效推动区域农业全面升级、农村全面进步、农民全面发展具有重要的应用价值。[方法]以陕西省关中地区为研究区域,以产业兴旺和生态宜居为核心,在评估乡村发展现实问题的基础上,明确关中地区乡村振兴的理论逻辑和重点任务。[结果]关中地区乡村人均农业资源占有量少,传统农业经营增收困难,而环境门槛的提高和资源禀赋的影响,又使得原本薄弱的非农产业发展面临严峻的生存困境,也加大了农村经济发展和农民增收的压力;因此在农村经济发展受限的情况下,通过县域城镇化和小城镇建设,吸引农业人口就近转移,并据此提高农业人均资源占有量,实现农业增产、增效,同时发展农村新产业新业态,挖掘乡村发展内生动力。同时,在农村人口外流、农业可投入劳动力减少的背景下,乡村发展要通过建设新型农村社区、构建便捷交通、移民搬迁等手段引导居民集中居住,逐步构建合理的镇村体系及其相应的公共物品供给模式,并通过人居环境整治构建符合现代生活需求、彰显乡村特色风貌的乡村。[结论]乡村振兴战略的实施不能就乡村论乡村,应结合新型城镇化和生态文明建设,研究乡村产业振兴与经济发展模式、镇村体系及公共服务配套模式、村庄人居环境整治模式,在此基础上探讨因地制宜的乡村振兴战略模式及实现路径。     

以县域为特征的乡村振兴规划编制研究——以辽宁省凤城市为例

县域是实施乡村振兴战略的基本单元,编制县域乡村振兴规划是实施乡村振兴战略的关键环节。在分析县域特质性基础上,提出县域乡村振兴规划编制的关键点。结合辽宁省凤城市乡村振兴规战略划编制实例,阐述县域乡村振兴战略规划的架构体系,包括总体规划的战略定位和导向作用、围绕产业振兴布局专项规划、以重点规划为引领推动规划落地实施等规划路径,为科学制定县域乡村振兴战略规划提供理论和实践依据。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.