耕地生态服务价值认知与支付意愿调查分析——以武汉市为例

耕地资源具有多重生态服务价值,对其定量评估,可为耕地保护的生态补偿测算提供依据。以武汉市为样本区域,采用问卷调查法,分市民和农民两类样本,调查居民对耕地生态服务价值的认知程度、支付态度及意愿支付额,为价值评估奠定基础。结果表明:农民的认知程度显著低于市民;80%的市民和65%的农民有支付意愿;市民和农民的平均支付意愿分别为148.36元/年和100.20元/年。因此应加大相关宣传和教育,提高居民的认知程度;完善耕地保护与补偿的长效机制,使耕地外在生态价值内在化。     

耕地保护补偿标准研究*——以甘肃省为例

[目的]耕地对于维护国家粮食安全和区域可持续发展至关重要。农民和地方政府是耕地保护的两个利益主体。为提高耕地保护效果,需要对不同的利益主体分别确立不同的耕地保护补偿标准。[方法]以西北的甘肃省为例,以耕地资源的生态价值和社会价值、耕地保护的机会成本为依据,分别确立农民和地方政府耕地保护的补偿标准,采用当量因子法、替代法、机会成本法等核算出耕地资源的生态价值、社会价值及耕地保护的机会成本。[结果] 2015年,甘肃省耕地资源的生态价值、社会价值之和为117. 36万元/hm~2,结合地方政府支付能力指数、区域社会发展阶段系数,确定甘肃省农民耕地保护的补偿标准为12. 82万元/hm~2。测算出甘肃省地方政府耕地保护的机会成本为5. 51万元/hm~2,以此确定甘肃省地方政府耕地保护的补偿标准为2. 76万元/hm~2。[结论]耕地具有非常重要的生态价值和社会价值,甘肃省耕地资源生态、社会价值是其GDP的6. 11倍,地方政府应加大耕地保护方面的支出。研究结果为甘肃省政府出台耕地保护相关政策提供了科学依据,也为西北其他省份提供借鉴。     

基于乌鲁木齐市耕地资源综合价值的征地补偿标准研究

[目的]通过确定基于乌鲁木齐耕地资源综合价值的征地补偿标准并与现行标准进行比较,以期为当地后期耕地征收补偿提供借鉴与参考。[方法]基于乌鲁木齐市耕地资源综合价值将耕地征收补偿标准的构成分为经济价值、社会价值以及生态价值,分别采用收益还原法、影子价格法与成本替代法、条件价值评估法对其进行测算,并对基于耕地资源综合价值的征收补偿标准进行实证分析。[结果](1)从农户与集体角度,基于耕地综合价值的征地补偿,能使农户获得的征地补偿金提高,从37.92万元/hm~2提升至了306.97万元/hm~2,为现行标准的8.10倍;(2)从补偿范围角度,基于耕地综合价值的补偿标准,兼顾了征地社会价值与生态价值补偿,分别提升至了299.43万元/hm~2、10.25万元/hm~2。[结论]文章创新构建基于耕地资源综合价值的征地补偿标准,充分考虑了耕地资源具有的社会、经济、生态价值多重效用,不仅计算了耕地资源对于农民的就业价值和农业产出价值,也重点体现了耕地资源对于农民具有的社会保障效用和生态安全效用。     

基于三维生态足迹模型辽宁省耕地生态补偿额度估算分析

[目的]基于省域尺度的地理环境、社会发展、经济状况和支付意愿差异,通过分析耕地生态盈余与赤字情况,科学量化耕地生态补偿额度,为耕地资源数量、质量和生态三位一体保护提供可行路径。[方法]文章基于碳足迹和产量因子修正的三维生态足迹模型,利用系数修正法测算各市耕地生态补偿额度。[结果](1) 2019年辽宁省锦州市、阜新市和盘锦市3市为耕地生态补偿区,补偿额度为0.53亿元;沈阳市、大连市等其他11市为耕地生态受偿区,受偿额度为16.70亿元。(2) 2019年全省耕地生态服务价值总体是向外输出状态,应得补偿费为16.18亿元;生态消费区与生态服务区不存在“空间异位”现象,生态赤字区主要集中在辽宁西部区域。(3)全省各市化肥施用强度均超过800kg/hm²,导致沈阳市、大连市、阜新市、铁岭市和朝阳市的耕地碳足迹均较高。[结论]耕地生态补偿有助于推动资源节约型和环境友好型的社会建设。研究成果对耕地生态补偿机制的建立具有指导作用,可为区域耕地生态补偿额度测定提供理论和方法参考。     

新疆牧民对草原生态保护受偿意愿分析

[目的]研究牧民对草原生态保护补偿受偿意愿、受偿期望值以及影响受偿意愿的因素,以期为新疆草原生态保护补偿政策的完善提供参考。[方法]基于464户牧民的问卷调查,运用CVM估值法和二元Logistic方法进行研究。[结果] 78. 23%受访牧民具有受偿意愿,21. 77%牧民不具有受偿意愿。牧民禁牧受偿意愿为947. 10～1 210. 65元/hm2,草畜平衡奖励受偿意愿为508. 8～650. 40元/hm2。[结论]牧民的受偿意愿较高,受偿意愿值远远高于草原生态保护补偿的标准。对牧民生态保护受偿意愿有显著影响的因素包括对草原生态保护补偿政策了解、实施草原生态保护补偿政策后草原状况改善、政府对草原监管、受访牧民文化程度、拥有草原面积、家庭纯收入、饲养牲畜头数、实施草原生态保护补偿政策后草原载畜量下降、补偿标准高低等。受访牧民年龄和家庭人口数对牧民生态保护受偿意愿没有显著影响。     

互动公平视角下耕地征收补偿的组合性均衡定价研究*——以乌鲁木齐市为例

目的]耕地征收纠纷多源于关联主体对补偿公平与否的判断,而化解其纠纷则依赖于对公平信念判断的互相转变。[方法]文章以乌鲁木齐市为例,基于互动公平视角综合运用收益还原法、成本替代法、当量因子法等对耕地的经济价值、社会价值及生态价值进行测算,并对耕地征收补偿进行博弈均衡定价研究。[结果]互动公平视角下乌鲁木齐市2015年耕地征收补偿价值总量为355.689 970万元/hm~2,其中,经济价值为63.426 057万元/hm~2、社会价值为227.258 027万元/hm~2、生态价值为65.005 886万元/hm~2,占比分别为17.83%、63.89%、18.28%,可见耕地对失地农民具有较大的社会价值;相比未植入互动公平信念,耕地价值增加32.335 452万元/hm~2,可见引入关联主体互动公平信念能显化耕地的真实价值,提高征地补偿标准。[结论]通过该文研究将有利于耕地保护与可持续发展,有利于维护失地农民的合法利益,有利于征地工作的顺利推进以减少征地纠纷,同时可为今后有关耕地征收补偿的学术研究提供参考,也可为构建征地补偿标准体系提供新的思路。     

基于选择实验视角的浑河流域森林生态补偿意愿的实证研究

流域生态补偿成为解决流域内不同地区经济损益变化、协调上下游利益关系失衡的重要经济手段。文章运用选择实验法,构建生态服务功能指标并设置属性水平,实证分析浑河流域下游居民对上游森林生态服务属性的选择偏好;通过421份有效调查问卷,运用Mixed Logit模型,测算其补偿意愿。研究结果表明:(1)74.6%下游居民愿意对其进行补偿,受个体基本特征、外部环境、水资源现状评价与认知等多维度变量综合影响;(2)根据模型估计结果,支付金额与受访者补偿意愿呈负相关,改善城市小气候、调节水量、信息反馈与其呈正相关且有显著影响;(3)下游居民人均补偿意愿为23.77元/年,补偿金额为2783.77万元/年。效用水平差异化的不同组合方案为浑河流域森林生态补偿标准的确定提供了参考依据。     

基于农业科研成果推广效应视角的农业 科技推广人员工作积极性分析

[目的]通过确定基于乌鲁木齐耕地资源综合价值的征地补偿标准并与现行标准进行比较,以期为当地后期耕地征收补偿提供借鉴与参考.[方法]基于乌鲁木齐市耕地资源综合价值将耕地征收补偿标准的构成分为经济价值、社会价值以及生态价值,分别采用收益还原法、影子价格法与成本替代法、条件价值评估法对其进行测算,并对基于耕地资源综合价值的征收补偿标准进行实证分析.[结果](1)从农户与集体角度,基于耕地综合价值的征地补偿,能使农户获得的征地补偿金提高,从37.92 万元/hm2提升至了306.97万元/hm2,为现行标准的8.10倍;(2)从补偿范围角度,基于耕地综合价值的补偿标准,兼顾了征地社会价值与生态价值补偿,分别提升至了299.43万元/hm2、10.25万元/hm2.[结论]文章创新构建基于耕地资源综合价值的征地补偿标准,充分考虑了耕地资源具有的社会、经济、生态价值多重效用,不仅计算了耕地资源对于农民的就业价值和农业产出价值,也重点体现了耕地资源对于农民具有的社会保障效用和生态安全效用.     

丘陵地区农地非市场价值研究——以湖北省荆门市为例

农地非市场价值是农地价值的重要组成部分,也是土地价值研究中的薄弱点.选择典型丘陵地区荆门市,采用条件价值评估法(CVM)进行支付意愿的问卷调查,了解了民众对农地非市场价值的认识,并对该价值进行了定量的评估.研究结果表明:荆门地区农地非市场价值总量为86.77亿元,其中耕地为29.01亿元,园地为9.27亿元,林地为23.38亿元,水域为25.11亿元.支付意愿与受访者特征有显著相关关系:市民支付意愿与家庭人口和支付方式显著相关,农民支付意愿与年龄、土地面积、收入和开支显著相关.     

基于CVM的征地补偿价格测算——以湖北省荆门市为例

采用意愿调查法等方法,通过调查农户受偿意愿和市民支付意愿,测算出荆门市基于农户最低受偿意愿的征地补偿价格为85.77万元/公顷,基于市民最高支付意愿的征地补偿价格为147.03万元/公顷.并通过构建回归模型,探讨影响农户受偿意愿和市民支付意愿决策的显著因子;为合理确定征地补偿标准提供依据.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.