以休闲农业推进三产融合研究综述

[目的]以发展休闲农业为突破口,推动农业供给侧结构性改革,实现一、二、三产业融合发展是推动农业产业转型升级的一个重要举措。文章通过总结我国休闲农业推进三产融合的研究进展,以期为今后休闲农业推动产业融合指明发展方向。[方法]基于国内文献检索平台CNKI,针对2000—2017年休闲农业推进三产融合的相关文献,采用可视化计量分析法分析了研究范围及引用下载情况,采用文献综述法梳理了我国休闲农业推进三产融合的发展现状、瓶颈问题和发展路径。[结果]2011年有学者开始关注休闲农业与产业融合的相关研究, 2011—2014年研究文献较少, 2015年快速增长,到2016年达最高,为16篇。2000—2017年,所有文献共被引用了217次,下载次数达到1.414 9万次。文献中出现较多的关键词有产业融合、产业融合发展、农业观光和农业发展。产业融合视角下,休闲农业的发展存在基础设施和服务设施相对落后、缺乏特色化、资金短缺,人才匮乏、产业融合度不够等问题,众多学者从挖掘各地资源优势、完善基础设施建设、提升产品的多元化和创新产业管理机制等方面提出了对策建议。[结论]国内对休闲农业推进三产融合的研究相对较少,但具有一定的参考价值,研究主要涉及产业融合、产业融合发展、农业观光和农业发展。针对休闲农业推进产业融合方面存在的瓶颈问题,提出的建议较为宽泛,缺乏一定的针对性和地域性。     

南京市休闲农业空间差异及其社会经济影响因素分析

[目的]休闲农业在促进产业融合、带动过农业、农村发展方面发挥着重要作用,分析其空间分布特征及其社会经济影响因素,为休闲农业的健康可持续发展提供一定参考。[方法]文章以南京市为例,通过文献查阅法了解南京市休闲农业的资料、相关研究成果,结合实地调查法确保南京市休闲农业景点的真实性,采用空间结构分析法分析休闲农业空间分布差异,相关分析法分析其影响因素。[结果]南京市6个区的最临近指数均小于1,空间分布呈凝聚型,其中浦口区的分布密度最大,为0.035个/千km~2。休闲农业分布与地区GDP、农业产值、旅游发展水平显著相关,与产业结构、城镇和农村居民消费水平相关,但不显著,说明目前南京市第一、二、三产业融合有待进一步加强,休闲农业产品仍有提升空间。[结论]南京市休闲农业发展受社会经济发展的影响,因此需要基于休闲农业资源,差异化发展,同时协调发展休闲农业服务供应链,促进产业融合,完善休闲农业相关政策,耦合侧供给改革共同发展。     

农业与二、三产业融合发展评价指标体系构建与验证*——以苏州市为实证

[目的]构建农业产业融合发展评价指标体系,以期通过相关发展数据研究,准确把握农业产业融合发展现状及存在的问题,对合理引导农业产业融合发展具有重要实践意义。[方法]遵循全面性、科学使用性、可操作性原则进行农业与二、三产业融合发展评价指标体系构建,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,并以苏州市为例进行实证分析。[结果](1)融合进程是评价农业产业融合的主要一级指标;(2)农业与第二产业、第三产业融合是评价农业产业融合的主要二级指标;(3)农产品加工相关企业数量是评价农业与二、三产业融合最主要三级指标,其次是农村居民人均可支配收入、第一产业增加值占GDP比重。[结论]以苏州市为例对文章构建的评价体系进行实证分析,得到目前苏州市农村一、二、三产业融合依然处于初级阶段,与苏州实际情况相符,体现了该文构建的农业产业融合发展评价指标体系的科学性与实用性。苏州市政府应加强政策引领及资金支持力度,着力促进农业与加工企业、旅游产业、服务产业及农村电子商务的连结,推进农业产业融合发展进程。     

我国休闲农业和乡村旅游发展现状与趋势展望

[目的]我国休闲农业和乡村旅游经过近40年的发展,现已进入快速发展阶段,成为富裕农民、提升农业、美化农村的朝阳产业。文章通过梳理我国休闲农业和乡村旅游发展情况,分析未来发展趋势,研判产业发展前景。[方法]主要采用文献分析法。通过查阅文献,总结我国休闲农业和乡村旅游的发展历程,揭示我国休闲农业和乡村旅游的发展现状,最终对我国休闲农业和乡村旅游的未来发展趋势进行展望。[结果]目前,我国休闲农业和乡村旅游有如下的特点:(1)领导高度关注,政策密集出台;(2)市场需求旺盛,社会投资活跃;(3)发展主体多元,发展势头迅猛;(4)内涵日益丰富,类型模式多样;(5)中介服务逐步兴起,组织体系不断健全。[结论]当前和未来一个时期,休闲农业和乡村旅游仍然面临着难得的发展机遇,蕴藏着巨大的发展潜力。未来休闲农业和乡村旅游将呈现出产业形态更加高级、产业贡献日益凸显、产业水平整体提升的良好态势,如保持15.5%以上增速,有望于2020年进入万亿元俱乐部。     

中国耕地利用变化的研究方法分析：立足驱动与模拟研究

[目的]分析2000—2018年中国耕地利用变化的文献,对学者在研究耕地利用变化驱动和模拟方面所使用的方法进行对比分析,系统梳理各种方法在应用上存在的优势与不足,为未来学者开展相关研究提供方法参考。[方法]文献分析法、分类统计法等。[结果]对于耕地利用变化驱动研究而言,与主成分分析法组合的方法使用频率较高,基本适用于所有尺度,该方法可使复杂系统简单化、提高精度、有利于确定主要驱动因子,但一些重要的驱动因子难以经过统计学检验进入回归模型。对于耕地利用变化模拟研究而言,BP神经网络模型适合于大尺度的模拟研究,该方法预测能力强但精度一般;灰色动态模型GM(1,1)进行模拟所需的数据量较少、精度高,但受随机因素影响较大。CLUE-S模型已经比较成熟,在中小尺度上得到了很好的应用。[结论]耕地利用变化驱动与模拟的研究方法众多,但使用时相对单一且方法适用尺度的局限性较大。耕地利用变化驱动研究中学者们更倾向于使用定性与定量相结合的研究方法,未来耕地利用变化驱动的研究方法将逐渐朝着全定量的方向发展。耕地利用变化模拟研究中学者们更倾向于单一模型的使用,未来综合模型跨尺度融合将成为耕地利用变化模拟研究方法的发展方向。总体来看,未来耕地利用变化驱动与模拟研究方法将朝着双向、动态的复合型研究方法方向发展。     

朴门永续农业在城市生态住区的发展策略与途径研究

[目的]城市扩张带来的全球环境危机和人们对健康生活方式的期望,引发了人们对城市可持续性发展战略的思考。朴门永续农业将食物生产系统重新引入城市空间,以期为生态住区建设和可持续城市发展提供一定的理论支撑和设计指引。[方法]基于文献和相关案例研究,从设计理论和实践方法两个方向探索了朴门永续农业在城市住区环境中的整合模式与方法。[结果]朴门永续农业在可持续发展、绿色基础设施、宜居社区、城市与社区建设4个维度均能产生积极作用;朴门永续农业在城市生态住区的构建必须明确相应的设计策略、设计目标和原则,并从分区规划、空间设计和物种选择3个方面重点阐述朴门永续农业在城市生态住区的设计内容和方法;在城市住区可以从节点型景观层、组团级景观层以及中心景观层3个层面渐进式地展开整合设计。[结论]基于朴门永续理念的城市生态住区建设可使住区环境成为一个具有复合生态效益,宜居又可持续的环境系统,并为生态城市建设提供了新的思路。     

我国农业用水利益相关者研究进展与展望

[目的]我国农业用水占全国总用水量的60%以上,农业是耗水大的产业,而农业用水的利用率低、浪费严重,是长期存在的问题。近年来逐渐聚焦利益相关者研究,希望通过探究农业用水系统中各利益相关者的互动行为,来提高改革效率、改善治理方式,从而实现水资源的高效利用。[方法]文章利用文献分析法,通过搜集国内农业用水利益相关者研究的相关文献,总结利益相关者界定、利益诉求确定和利益主体博弈上的研究成果,提炼研究方法,为未来的研究提供指导。[结果]该文总结已有文献中提出利益相关者共19个,并提出了各利益相关者在研究中出现的频次。利益相关者的研究方法主要运用了"Mitchell的评分法""文氏图法"和"利益相关者图解法"。[结论]目前,国内对于农业利益用水利益相关者的研究非常有限,存在主要问题包括:利益相关者理论单一、研究内容较为宏观、研究不够深入。在未来研究中可以实现多学科理论的结合,同时选择研究对象时可以更有针对性,研究更加深入。     

中国农业能源效率的区域差异及动态演进

[目的]农业能源效率提升是农业可持续发展关键。以中国农业能源效率为研究对象,深入探究中国农业能源效率的区域差异及未来演进趋势,以期为中国农业能源效率的跨区域协同提升提供理论支持与政策建议。[方法]基于2000—2016年省际面板数据,利用非径向、非角度、双导向的窗口DEA模型对中国省际农业能源效率进行测度,采用Dagum基尼系数和Kernel核密度估计方法对中国农业能源效率的区域差异及未来演进趋势进行实证考察。[结果](1)中国省际农业能源效率在样本考察期内持续上升,且农业能源效率的整体区域差异不断缩小,而超变密度是农业能源效率区域差异的主要来源;(2)Kernel核密度估计结果表明,尽管农业能源效率的区域差异不断缩小,中西部地区依然存在两极分化现象。[结论]为实现农业可持续发展、减缓农业生产对资源环境的压力,相关部门应积极制定相关策略,以实现中国农业能源效率的跨区域协同提升。     

农业绿色发展研究文献计量分析

[目的]对国内外的农业绿色发展研究现状、研究热点和发展趋势进行整体分析,总结相关领域研究中存在的主要问题,为今后我国农业绿色发展提供参考和建议。[方法]文章基于Web of Science数据库和CNKI中国学术文献网络出版总库,采用CiteSpace和VOSviewer软件对文献进行可视化计量分析,主要对农业绿色发展领域的国内外研究力量、研究热点以及演变趋势进行解析。[结果] 1986—2019年农业绿色发展研究领域的计量分析结果如下:(1)外文文献2007年以后呈快速增长趋势,而中文文献2013年以后呈缓慢波动上升趋势。(2)外文文献发表数量最多的研究机构依次为中国科学院、美国农业部和法国国家农业、食品和环境研究所;中文文献数量最多的研究机构依次为中国农业科学院、华中农业大学和中国农业大学。(3)外文文献发表数量排名前三的期刊分别为Sustainability、Agriculture,Ecosystems Environment和Journal of Cleaner Production,其中Agriculture,Ecosystems Environment的篇平均被引频次最高(72次/篇)。中文文献发表数量排名前三的期刊分别为《农业经济》《中国农业资源与区划》和《农业现代化研究》,其中《农业现代化研究》的篇平均被引频次最高(23次/篇)。(4)外文相关文献的研究热点逐渐由"可持续的农业质量评估"向"农业管理与保护"和"土地利用"等转变;中文相关文献的研究热点逐渐由"农业可持续"和"农业生态与资源"向"绿色农业"和"现代农业"等转变。[结论]在农业绿色发展研究领域,中文文献的发表数量亟需增加,国内机构在外文文献发表数量和质量上仍有很大的提升空间。在国内,"农业绿色发展"概念逐步取代农业可持续发展,成为新的研究主题和发展趋势。已有的外文文献更侧重于定量评估与管理体系,而中文文献多侧重于产品技术与政策评价。目前国内农业绿色发展在理论评估和实践管理等方面均存在问题,文章对此提出了针对性的重点拓展方向,可为未来的农业绿色或可持续发展提供参考建议。     

长江下游城市群农业产业结构的影响因素研究

[目的]长江下游城市群作为我国重要的工农业生产基地,推进其农业产业结构的发展,探究影响农业产业结构的因素,对该区域甚至全国均有一定的应用参考价值。[方法]文章通过文献调查法对长江下流城市群进行理论研究,选取上海、南京、杭州、苏州及无锡等5个城市为研究对象,针对农业产业结构进行实证分析,进而采用分析比较法研究长江下流城市群农业产业结构的影响因素。[结果]上述5个城市农业产业结构在社会生产力水平、社会发展水平、社会需求、国家政策与导向以及农业设施、农业科学技术等因素的影响下不断变化发展。[结论]调整及优化长江下游城市群农业产业结构使其达到最佳合理状态,应基于影响其发展变化因素,影响因素为一个综合体,包括社会生产力水平、社会发展水平、社会需求、国家政策与导向以及农业基础设施和农业科技水平等。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.