农业水价综合改革与农户承受能力研究——以江苏省苏北灌区为例

农业水价综合改革旨在运用价格杠杆调节水资源需求,促进农业节水增效,保障水利工程的良性运行。然而,农业属于弱质行业,农民属于弱势群体,农业水价改革必须考虑农户的承受能力。文章以江苏省苏北灌区为例,设计单边界两分式CVM问卷对水稻种植户进行调查,研究其对农业水价综合改革的支持态度和支付意愿。研究发现,多数农户对农业水价综合改革持支持态度,而农户的市场经济意识、对政府的信任度以及灌溉供水稳定性能显著提升支持度;灌区农户对农业水价的支付意愿介于49.1～57.7元/亩之间,农户虽具有一定的支付意愿,但各灌区改革后的执行水价要明显高于农户的心理承受能力,也接近农户经济承受能力的上限。据此,政府应协同推进水价提高、精准补贴和节水奖励措施,避免将农业水价综合改革等同于提高水价。     

北京市居民生活水价支付意愿及影响因素研究

基于对北京市居民生活用水户访谈与问卷调查,对北京市的东城、西城、朝阳、海淀、丰台、石景山6个区的居民生活用水户的水价支付意愿进行抽样调查,采用Logistic回归模型分析供水服务满意程度、家庭对水费负担程度、对北京缺水的认知程度、对现行水价态度等影响居民水价支付意愿的主要因素,结果显示:26.6%的被调查户愿意支付比现行水价高的水价,73.4%的调查户不愿意支付比现行水价高的水价。分析表明:用户对供水服务态度满意度越高、水费占家庭收入比重越低、对北京市缺水现状了解越多,则居民的水价支付意愿就越强烈。建议根据影响因素分析结果区分不同的目标支付群体,制定完善的水价调整政策,加大宣传力度并加强对低收入人群的水价补贴工作,从而提高居民支付意愿。     

农户参与灌溉管理意愿的影响因素分析——基于苏北地区农户的实证研究

本文采用2007年苏北地区243户农户调查数据,分析了农户参与灌溉管理意愿的影响因素,并利用Probit模型研究了各相关因素对农户参与意愿的具体影响.研究表明,农户参与灌溉管理的意愿受到户主的文化程度、户主对参与式灌溉管理认知程度、非农劳动力占家庭劳动力比例、农户社会资本、村级灌溉系统配套完好率、政府支持力度等多方面因素的影响.其中,非农劳动力占家庭劳动力比例、农户社会资本对农户参与意愿的影响相对复杂.     

农业水价政策作用的效果分析

面对日益严峻的水资源短缺和不断恶化的灌溉水利设施，政府与灌溉管理部门对农业用水价格政策寄予很高的期望。本研究在农业用水需求分析的基础上，通过对江苏省皂河灌区126户农户的实地调查，分析了农业水价政策的作用效应。研究发现，农业水价改革对农民与供水单位的节水行为没有影响，提高水价有利于增加供水单位收益，但却降低了农民的福利水平。     

农业水价形成机制的建构与检验以四川武引灌区为例

[目的]以四川武引灌区为案例，实证检验农业水价现实运行情况与农业水价形成机制的契合程度，探讨优化农业水价形成机制的基本方向。[方法]文章从市场和政府两个维度分析农业水价影响因素，建构“成本导向、支付可行”的农业水价形成机制，科学测定农业水价的弹性区间。[结果]市场作用下，供给维度要以供水工程成本为基准，需求维度在用水户承载力支付能力区间较为合理；由于农业用水具有正外部性以及农业供水的垄断性，政府应为农业用水构建合理的价格机制。农业水价构成应以平均运行可变成本为最低参考标准，也可实行全成本农业水价，以此符合“成本导向”。“支付可行”表现为实际支付能力和心理支付意愿，农业水价既要考虑农业生产中投入产出情况，判断用水户实际支付能力，又要研究其心理支付意愿，分析现实情况和心理参照点的差别情况。[结论]农业水价形成机制的学理建构与现实运行具有内在逻辑一致性，优化农业水价形成机制重点包括两个方面，即优化“成本导向”形成机制，科学建立灌区成本核算体系，完善农业用水价格制定准则，确立农业用水计收方式。优化“支付可行”形成机制，积极促进用水户增收，提高水价实际支付能力，强化宣传提高用水户心里支付意愿及加...     

基于农户视角的生活供水状况改善支付意愿的实证分析——以江苏省镇江市为例

农村居民饮水现状不容乐观,改善农村生活供水状况,不仅有利于保障农户饮水安全,而且对于降低消费风险有益.基于城乡统筹的要求,镇江市将集中供水覆盖到周边乡镇,了解实际的连接意愿和支付意愿情况,有利于识别项目社会风险.本文采用条件估值法(CVM),对镇江市周边四个乡镇未来受益农户进行了供水需求的随机抽样调查,计算出农户对供水改善的户均支付意愿(WTP),并使用统计分析工具对WTP和可能对其产生影响的潜在因素进行了相关分析,可供制定水价时参考.     

农户意愿灌溉水价影响因素的实证分析——以内蒙古河套灌区为例

本文运用生产函数模型、面板数据模型以及排序选择模型，对农户意愿灌溉水价的影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明：灌溉费用投入在农业生产中起着重要的作用；农户的蔬菜种植比重、玉米种植比重和小麦的种植比重越大，农户意愿灌溉水价越低；在灌溉水价提高时如果农户选择调整作物结构或选择节水，农户意愿灌溉水价就越高。农户实际灌溉水价与农户意愿灌溉水价产生巨大差距的原因在于该流域的实际灌溉水价的变动幅度较小。     

社会资本对农民创业意愿影响的实证分析——以辽宁125位农户调查数据为例

本文以辽宁125位农户的调查数据为基础,利用多元Logistic模型分析了社会资本因素对于农民创业意愿的影响。实证分析结果表明,社会资本对农民创业意愿有显著影响;由于社会资本投资模式的差异,农村女性创业意愿低于男性;打工经历、风险偏好与创业意愿正相关。     

农业水价改革与农民承受能力研究

阐述我国农业水价改革的现状,分析水价改革后灌区运行情况,以河南省新乡市人民胜利渠农业水价改革为例,对北方灌区农业水价改革以后的运行情况以及农民对水价的承受能力进行了研究,对农业水价改革中有关供水成本的确定、农民承受能力、补偿办法提出了建议：完善基础设施建设,促进水价改革,确定供水的合理成本,充分考虑农民对水价的承受能力,确定合理的农业水价补偿办法。     

南京市水价的合理性分析

为了全面研究南京市水价的合理性,从农业用水、工业用水和居民生活用水3个方面分析水价构成,结合供水成本、居民对于水价的承受能力和支付意愿、相关产业的外部性等因素,借鉴国外水价制定的先进经验,考察南京市水价的形成体制。结果表明,目前南京市水价相对偏低,没有体现以供水成本为基础的水价形成机制,水价有一定的上升空间,低收入阶层对于水价的可承受能力比较脆弱。     

A new professionalism for agricultural research for development

There have been repeated calls for a ‘new professionalism’ for carrying out agricultural research for development since the 1990s. At the centre of these calls is a recognition that for agricultural research to support the capacities required to face global patterns of change and their implications on rural livelihoods, requires a more systemic, learning focused and reflexive practice that bridges epistemologies and methodologies. In this paper, we share learning from efforts to mainstream such an approach through a large, multi-partner CGIAR research program working in aquatic agricultural systems. We reflect on four years of implementing research in development (RinD), the program’s approach to the new professionalism. We highlight successes and challenges and describe the key characteristics that define the approach. We conclude it is possible to build a program on a broader approach that embraces multidisciplinarity and engages with stakeholders in social-ecological systems. Our experience also suggests caution is required to ensure there is the time, space and appropriate evaluation methodologies in place to appreciate outcomes different to those to which conventional agricultural research aspires.     

Agents for diffusion of agricultural innovations for environmental outcomes

In New Zealand, local governments are tasked with both sustainably managing natural resources and supporting adoption of practices and technologies for environmental outcomes. Unfortunately, farmers in New Zealand lack trust in advice on environmental performance provided by local governments. Hence, local governments may seek to partner with others to disseminate information about environmentally friendly practices and technologies to farmers. Empirical evidence indicates that New Zealand farmers are more likely to adopt new practices after seeing them successfully demonstrated; therefore, local government would do well to partner with those who have tried the practices themselves and those with large farmer networks. In this paper, we use unique survey data to identify the characteristics of such “innovators” and “connectors”. We also identify the characteristics of individuals who trust environmental information provided by local governments. We find that sex, age, education level, financial robustness, farm size, and the number of distinct land uses are correlated with both innovativeness and connectedness. However, among these characteristics, only education and financial robustness predict trust in environmental information provided by local governments.     

主食生产工业化与膳食消费现代化

由传统社会向现代社会转型,一个必然趋势就是:主食生产方式趋向工业化,膳食消费方式趋向现代化.前者是指,在发扬我国传统主食优秀文化的基础上,采用现代科学营养原理和先进技术装备,进行规模化生产,提供标准化、方便化、安全化、营养化的主食品.     

建立生态补偿机制的财政政策研究

生态补偿机制是为了控制环境破坏而建立的约束制度,包括生态补偿类型,生态补偿方式,生态补偿责任,生态补偿法规、制度、政策等。黑龙江省建立生态补偿机制面临着缺乏法律保障、排污费征收标准过低、环境违法处罚标准过低,企业将环境治理成本转嫁给政府等问题。根据黑龙江省的情况,建立生态补偿机制应遵循市场经济规律、完善相关财政政策和保障措施,惟如此,才能对落实科学发展观,构建环境友好型社会,实现人与自然和谐发展起到积极的推动作用。     

Empowering change for sustainable agriculture: the need for participation

Sustainable agricultural development (SAD) requires empowerment and engagement of all actors in the agricultural production and supply chain to enable change. This paper proposes a novel framework for Participatory Sustainable Agricultural Development (PSAD) that distinguishes four main classes of factors that influence participation in SAD: environmental, economic, social and governance-related. The factors in each of these classes are analysed in relation to their effect over time, on the basis of 49 SAD programmes reported in the literature. Findings show that the social factors of engagement and empowerment, not often addressed in existing SAD programmes, are of significant influence to effect over time, as are the environmental factors of food safety, and the economic factors of production and capacity development. As such this paper shows that in in addition to the well-acknowledged need for knowledge and skills related to food safety, production and capacity development, SAD programmes also need to address the social factors of engagement and empowerment to enable sustainable change over time for SAD through participation.     

Agriculture for development: new paradigm and options for success

The role of agriculture as an instrument for industrialization had been rigorously conceptualized in the 1960s and 1970s under the classical paradigm of development economics. After many implementation failures under import substitution industrialization policies and protracted neglect of agriculture under the policies of the Washington Consensus that followed the debt crisis, agriculture has gradually returned in the development agenda, especially with the food crisis. We argue in this article that a new paradigm has started to emerge as to how to use agriculture for development, pursuing a broadened development agenda. We explore the specifications of this paradigm and discuss conditions for successful implementation.     

Land administration for housing production: An approach for assessment

The integration of land administration processes and the collaboration of land agencies are considered essential for the effective delivery of developable land for housing production. The research upon which this paper is based investigates the interrelationship across land administration functions and between different levels of government in the management and delivery of land for housing production. It focuses on land management policies, land administration processes, and spatial data infrastructure, as they are related to housing production. The study starts from the premise that inadequate integration across land administration functions and between different levels of government impedes land delivery for housing production. Against this background, an assessment framework is proposed as a tool to assess the levels of integration. The parameters for the development of the framework are based on the extensive literature of past and present initiatives which focused on enhancing inter-agency collaboration. It is also supported by interviews with land agencies in the case study areas – Australia and Nigeria – to aggregate the common themes as observed in the literature. The assessment framework was evaluated through selected government departments and agencies. With this approach, the assessment framework develops into the land administration integration assessment matrix. The key consideration of the matrix is to assess the depth of inter-agency relationship ranging from information sharing to consultation, coordination of activities, joint management, partnership arrangement and formal merger of organisations.     

退耕农户长期生计分析

以陕西、青海两省4个县15个村400个退耕农户为研究对象,通过20年的成本效益分析,探讨了退耕还林对农户生计的长期影响,预测了退耕后林草产品的产出、价格和农产品产量,分析了样本农户退耕前后在土地利用、种植结构、收入和成本结构等方面的变化,对林草产品价格、退耕补助、毁林复耕等因素进行了敏感性分析。结果表明:在预测的价格和产出水平上,退耕提高了样本农户的收入水平。从长期看,退耕农户面临自然、技术和市场风险。要实现中国政府的生态建设目标,决策者应关注退耕农户尤其是退耕地比例高的农户的长期生计。