University Life Science Programs and Agricultural Biotechnology

We examine sources of productivity in bioscience research and graduate training in U.S. universities. For this purpose, we first identify the scientific publications cited on agricultural biotechnology patents, and then trace the citations back to the universities producing the cited research. Insight is thus gained into the university investments that demonstrably influence useful technology. Life-science budget allocations substantially affect both graduate education and technology-relevant science. Graduate training shows decreasing returns to budget scale, while productive research shows decreasing returns in the short run but increasing returns in the long run. Training is a weak substitute for research, while research is a moderate complement to training.     

The Dynamics of Agricultural Biotechnology Adoption: Lessons from series rBST Use in Wisconsin, 1994–2001

This article exploits panel data from Wisconsin dairy farmers to examine the dynamics of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) adoption and to identify the characteristics that distinguish among nonadopters, disadopters, and early and late adopters. Panel methods are used to control for omitted variables and endogenous regressors that call into question coefficient estimates derived from cross-section adoption models. The results, however, confirm previous findings that larger farms with complementary feeding technologies are more likely to adopt rBST, nonadopters appear quite unlikely to become adopters, and rBST adoption will remain at rather moderate levels in Wisconsin.     

Bundling and Licensing of Genes in Agricultural Biotechnology

We examine the strategic incentive for gene holders to vertically integrate with seed companies and chemical input companies. With homogeneous conventional seeds, we find that a pure bundling strategy (produce the genetically modified seed only) is dominant. When the gene holder and breeder are, respectively, the monopolistic producers of genetically modified and conventional seeds, they may commit to mixed bundling (supply both genetically modified and conventional seed) to deter potential entry to the conventional seed market. A vertical merger may solve the credibility issue of the mixed bundling commitment through third party licensing agreements in the conventional seed market.     

The Role of Patent Rights in Mergers: Consolidation in Plant Biotechnology

Few empirical studies have addressed the impact of the patent system on industry structure. Using firm-level patent data for firms in plant biotechnology, we develop a measure of patent enforceability. Duration models show that patent statistics are useful predictors of the timing of consolidation and that patent enforceability is an important factor influencing the likelihood of consolidation. Acquisitions in plant biotechnology may be motivated by the enforcement of patent rights when firms have overlapping technologies; some merger activity may be explained by attempts to avoid mutually blocking technology, as exemplified by the case of Roundup Ready corn.     

生物技术在食品安全检测中的应用

随着社会发展,人们的食品安全需求快速提升,同时相关的检测技术水平也在不断提升,相关研究表明,生物检测在食品安全检测工作中具有重要作用和效果。本文对现代食品产业发展过程中应用于食品安全检测的生物技术的价值和作用进行系统的研究和论述,并讨论了生物技术在食品安全检测中的具体应用及需要注意的问题,希望为相关工作人员提供一定的参考。     

新型农业经营主体农机作业服务的双重角色及其动态转变:一个初步的分析框架

近年来新型农业经营主体在发展壮大过程中围绕典型的农机作业服务,表现出从服务需求者向服务供给者转变的动态特征,但现有研究未将此双重角色置于统一的分析框架中,呈现着割裂的研究状态,缺乏对角色转变的逻辑阐释。鉴于此,本文在角色转变的动态视角之下,以农地经营规模变化表征新型农业经营主体的成长过程,通过分析新型农业经营主体在不同农地规模阶段购买和供给农机作业服务所面临的交易成本的变化及其影响,构建探寻双重角色的形成机制和转变逻辑的分析框架。     

农用地流转价值与征地价值的对比分析

从当前中国农用地的权利状况来看,农用地应具有生产资料价值功能、生态价值功能、社会保障价值功能与社会稳定价值功能.农用地流转仅是使用权的让渡,体现在生产资料价值上;而征地是所有权的变更,其价值在生产资料价值和社会稳定价值及其他方面都有体现.生产资料价值补偿标准要通过对土地的收益来确定,既要考虑土地的当前收益,还要考虑土地的未来收益.生态价值补偿标准要通过考量重新构建生态系统所需成本来确定.社会保障价值的补偿要充分考虑当前的社会养老和医疗保障体制.社会稳定价值补偿,一方面要通过产业转移成本来确定;另一方面要通过失地农民的安置补偿标准来确定.     

黑龙江省农业生产资料与农业经济发展的关联分析

黑龙江省是一个农业大省,农业经济对全省经济的发展起到至关重要的作用,而农业生产资料对农业经济的发展有着巨大的影响作用。应用灰色系统理论中关联分析方法和GM(1,1)预测模型,对黑龙江省农业总产值与农业生产资料之间的关系进行关联分析,在其发展趋势预测的基础上,对黑龙江省农业经济发展的趋势关联分析,进而提出黑龙江省实现农业经济持续发展、科学决策对策建议。     

农业产业化经营中组织形式创新研究

农业产业化经营中,分散的农户如何走向市场,解决比较效益低的问题,产业化运作的组织形式是关键。提出了股份农业合作社的构想,从其产权结构、实施的前提条件以及具体实施模式三个方面加以创新。股份农业合作社作为农业产业化经营中一种新型的组织形式,在条件成熟的地区实施,必将使企业与农户两方面的积极性都得到充分发挥,大大提高农民组织化程度,解决农业小生产与大市场之间的矛盾,从而推动我国农业的市场化进程。     

农业绿色生产行为的内涵与外延

农业绿色生产行为的实施是农业绿色生产的必要活动过程,科学界定农业绿色生产行为,探讨农业绿色生产行为的内涵与外延对农业绿色发展研究与实践具有重要意义。文章基于已有研究成果,前后延伸,对农业绿色生产行为进行了概念辨析。由此,提出了农业绿色生产行为的基本概念,总结出农业绿色生产行为具有要求节能、降耗、减污,强调绿色生产技术的采用、追求全产业链绿色化、注重多重效益的统一等基本特征;同时基于全产业链视角,从产前绿色生产行为、产中绿色生产行为、产后绿色生产行为三个方面论述了农业绿色生产行为的外延。     

穆藕初的农业教育思想

著名实业家穆藕初曾系统接受西方农科教育，深知农业教育对发展农业的重要性。他强调农业人才的培养要把提高质量放在首位，注重专才教育；农业人才的训练以能刻苦耐劳、有丰富的农学知识和充足的农事经验为准则。他还对农民的文化素质和技能培养问题表示了极大的关注；呼吁农业人才躬赴乡村，通过各种途径，以灵活多样的形式在农民中进行文化知识、农业科学知识和生产技术的普及教育。     

农业科技创新对农业绿色全要素生产率的空间效应分析

文章通过数据包络模型测算2013-2018年我国31个省的农业绿色全要素生产率,剖析其时空分布演进特征,在测算结果基础上构建空间杜宾模型,探讨农业科技创新对农业绿色全要素生产率的空间溢出效应。研究发现:2013-2018年全国农业绿色全要素生产率空间分异与集聚特征明显;本省农业科技创新显著促进了农业绿色全要素生产率的提升,而其辐射作用阻碍了周边省的农业绿色全要素生产率的提高。研究结果对于深化完善农业科技创新机制、提升农业科技教育水平、创新农业科技推广模式具有现实意义。     

现代化与三元结构的农业技术创新体系--中国近代农业技术创新与需求初探

本文从现代化的视角提出农业技术创新体系三元结构理论，并用它分析近代中国农业科技发展与社会政治经济变迁之间的关系。重点探讨了近代中国社会政治、经济变迁所引发的农业技术需求对农业技术创新体系形成的影响。     

国家农业科技园区土地利用态势分析——以全国36个国家级农业科技园区为例

从土地科学和农业经济科学视角出发,探讨我国国家农业科技园区的运行机制和园区内部核心区、示范区和辐射区三大结构的土地利用规模状况;同时,评价分析了国家农业科技园区土地利用的经济、社会和生态效益状况;最后,提出国家农业科技园土地利用的相关政策建议,引导土地资源的可持续利用.     

基于低碳经济视角下的广东农业发展方式转型分析

估算了广东2000～2009年农业碳排放总量,分析了广东农业生产碳排放的主要特征,进而对广东农业碳排放影响因素进行分解研究。结果表明,广东农业的碳排放总量总体呈不断上升的趋势;农业产值增长、农业化学化水平的提高、农业投入产出率平稳及农业能源消费结构的高碳化等是农业生产碳排放变动的主要影响因素。在此基础上,进一步剖析了广东农业低碳发展面临的主要障碍,提出广东农业生产实现低碳化转型发展的主要路径选择。     

退耕还林工程对农业生产影响的经济分析——退耕农户生计外推分析

文章分析了退耕还林对黄河流域农业生产的影响。研究结果发现,在退耕地上产品产出和价格等高折现率情况下,参与工程农户家庭收入的净现值依旧为正值,这表明退耕还林工程对黄河流域农业生产产生积极的影响,也说明只要退耕农户权益得到保护,就不会出现大面积复耕反弹现象。     

Specification and Estimation of Production Functions Involving Damage Control Inputs: A Two-Stage, Semiparametric Approach

Productivity assessment of damage control inputs (such as pesticides) is complicated because their effect depends on the exposure to damage agents (such as pests). We discuss some open specification and estimation issues. The contribution is threefold. First, we elaborate the separability conditions for the damage control function and production function. Second, we employ a two-stage semiparametric technique to combine attractive features of both nonparametric and parametric approaches. Third, we model the interaction between pest exposure and damage control inputs by using slope dummies. An application to productivity analysis of small scale Bt cotton production in China illustrates the approach.     

Agricultural Payments and Land Concentration: A Semiparametric Spatial Regression Analysis

Over the last twenty years, both crop production and agricultural payments have shifted toward larger operations. This study examines whether payments from federal farm programs contributed to increased concentration of cropland and farmland. Using zip code–level data constructed from the microfiles of the 1987–2002 agriculture censuses we examine the association between government payments per acre and subsequent growth in land concentration. A semiparametric generalized additive model (GAM) controls for location and historical concentration, sales per acre, and ratio of cropland area to zip code area. Findings indicate, both with and without nonparametric controls, government payments are strongly associated with subsequent concentration growth.     

美洲原产作物的引种栽培及其对中国农业生产结构的影响

美洲作物之引种中国大多发生在明清时期，其中既有玉米、番薯、马铃薯这样重要的粮食作物，也有花生、向日葵一类油料作物；既有番茄、辣椒、菜豆、番石榴、番荔枝等蔬菜果树，也有烟草、陆地棉这样的嗜好作物和衣被原料，总数接近30种。虽然它们传入时有先后、途径不一，但在不长的时间中获得了相当快的发展，不少在今天的作物构成中占据举足轻重的地位。究其原因，与明清以来人口激增导致的人地矛盾加剧及市场经济的发展有着密切的关系。美洲作物的传播与发展不仅满足了日益增长的人口的生存需求，适应了人们对营养和享受多方面的需要，对充分用地和养地，提高农业生产效率也发挥了积极的促进作用。     

A Comment on Weak Disposability in Nonparametric Production Analysis

In his 2005 paper in this journal, Kuosmanen argues that Shephard's specification of weak disposability in activity analysis (DEA) models is not correct. We show that Shephard's specification does satisfy weak disposability and is the "smallest" technology to do so.