无人机高光谱遥感数据在冬小麦叶面积指数反演中的应用

[目的]无人机高光谱遥感是获取田间尺度作物生长参数的新型手段,如叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)的无人机快速观测对作物生长监测具有重要意义。[方法]研究以河北省衡水市冬小麦为研究对象,利用以多旋翼无人机为平台搭载Cubert UHD185成像高光谱传感器获取了冬小麦乳熟期的无人机高光谱影像数据;在无人机飞行的冬小麦试验田,利用LAI 2200进行了同步观测试验。该研究利用植被辐射传输模型PROSAIL模拟小麦冠层反射率数据,进而模拟9种植被指数(RVI,NDVI,EVI2,OSAVI,MSAVI2,TCARI/OSAVI,RENDVI(red edge NDVI),MSI,S2REP)。将模拟的植被指数与LAI进行相关性分析,分别构建LAI反演模型并通过拟合效果选择最优的反演模型。然后基于LAI最优反演模型利用无人机高光谱遥感数据反演冬小麦乳熟期的LAI。最后利用地面实测LAI数据对反演结果进行了验证。[结果]9种植被指数中包含红边波段的RENDVI和S2REP与LAI具有高度相关性,而且消除了在小麦LAI高值区时其他植被指数对LAI饱和的问题。基于RENDVI指数模型模拟的LAI与模型模拟的LAI之间RMSE为0.51,无人机高光谱数据LAI反演结果与地面实测值高度拟合(R2=0.83,RMSE=0.16,NRMSE=10%,n=25,P0.001),因此RENDVI是用于估算LAI的较理想的植被指数。[结论]无人机高光谱是获取小麦LAI的有效手段,该研究为利用无人机高光谱数据监测作物生理生态参数提供了参考。     

黑土典型区有机质高光谱预测模型

土壤有机质(SOM)是鉴别土壤肥力的重要指标,是土壤肥力的物质基础,其含量预测模型研究对于土壤肥力评价、土壤碳库估算、土壤资源利用与保护具有重要意义。该文以黑龙江省黑土带典型区为例,采集区域土壤样本,基于有机质含量与土壤反射率的定量关系,对光谱反射率进行一阶微分和倒对数的处理,建立偏最小二乘法模型(PLSR)、一元线性回归模型和多元线性逐步回归模型。结果表明:(1)土壤有机质敏感波段位于650-750nm。(2)通过比较建模样本与检验样本的决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE)的大小,得到反射率和倒对数处理后的数据最优模型都为PLSR模型,一阶微分处理后的最优模型为多元线性逐步回归模型。(3)PLSR模型的建模效果优于回归模型,但其预测效果却并不理想。该研究将为改进土壤理化参数、遥感反演、土地质量评价等工作方法提供理论与技术支持。     

基于高光谱曲线的马铃薯与其他主要作物光谱差异性分析

[目的]文章以马铃薯关键生长期——结薯期为测量时点,以马铃薯和玉米、大豆、水稻为研究对象,开展高光谱曲线特征差异性研究。[方法]为更好地描述马铃薯与其他作物的光谱差异,创建高光谱反射率差异性指数、高光谱一阶导数差异性指数、高光谱红边幅值差异性指数、高光谱曲率差异性指数及高光谱植被指数差异性指数。[结果](1)马铃薯与玉米、大豆、水稻3种作物光谱曲线具有明显差异,马铃薯与玉米的反射率值在480nm附近蓝色波段位置差异最显著,差异性指数值为67.866%,与大豆、水稻的最大差异性指数值分别为49.068%、57.559%,均位于550nm附近绿色波峰位置;(2)作物光谱曲线经一阶导数变换运算,马铃薯与其他作物间的光谱差异被显著放大,在近红外波段放大程度最显著;(3)马铃薯与玉米、大豆、水稻高光谱曲率差异性指数最大值均位于波长750nm附近,差异性指数值分别为78.365%、63.471%、80.882%;(4)常用植被指数中,比值植被指数、增强型植被指数可显著区分马铃薯与玉米、大豆、水稻。[结论]差异性分析结果为农作物空间分布遥感识别提供了技术支撑。     

结合植被指数与作物高度反演冬小麦叶面积指数

[目的]叶面积指数LAI(Leaf Area Index)是反映作物长势的关键参数之一。目前,基于无人机影像进行LAI反演多注重影像光谱信息的应用,但是由于高分影像存在强烈的光谱异质性以及无法区分高密闭度植被垂直方向枝叶的光谱特征等不足,在反演作物LAI时,需要探讨作物高度等结构参数对LAI反演的影响。[方法]文章以冬小麦为例,将无人机影像的光谱信息与点云数据相结合,共同构建LAI反演模型,并与单利用光谱信息的一元线性LAI回归模型进行对比,探讨作物高度信息对LAI反演精度的影响。[结果](1)无人机影像获取的点云数据能有效反演作物高度,其决定系数R~2=0.61,均方根误差RMSE=0.02;(2)基于作物高度和植被指数Ⅵ(Vegetation Index)反演LAI的二元模型(Adjust R~2=0.38,Adjust RMSE=0.55)优于单用植被指数反演LAI的一元模型(Adjust R~2=0.29,Adjust RMSE=0.59),[结论]研究表明作物高度和光谱信息结合的反演模型能够提高作物LAI的反演精度,同时表明作物高度因子在LAI反演中具有重要的应用价值。     

多级提水灌区灌溉泵站级数的划分问题

(一) 问题的提出多级提水灌区灌溉泵站级数之划分及站址选择,以往均按最小功率原理(文献[1])确定,即: 1.当提水级数未定时,级数愈多,总功率愈小。设为n级,总功率为: N_n=K[Ω_1H_1 (Ω_2-Ω_1)H_2 … (Ω-Ω_(n-1))H] =K[ω_1h_1 ω_2(h_1十h_2) … ω_n(h_1 h_2 … h_n)]     

农户分化视角下农地“三权分置”政策响应度评价及障碍因子诊断*——以湖北省东部8市为例

[目的]农地政策的有效执行很大程度上取决于农户的认可和响应,从农户视角剖析政策的响应程度及障碍因素,对于提高政策实施绩效具有重要意义。[方法]利用湖北省东部8市672户农户的问卷调查数据,基于农户分化视角和社会认知理论,从自我效能、价值期望、外部环境3个维度共计19个指标构建农地"三权分置"政策响应度评价指标体系,运用改进TOPSIS分析法和障碍度模型测度不同类型农户政策响应度并诊断其障碍因子。[结果]研究区内农户农地"三权分置"政策总体响应度为0.564 0,响应水平一般,纯农户政策响应度(0.578 3)兼业户(0.562 4)非农经营户(0.541 6);农地"三权分置"政策响应度最重要影响因素为农户风险认知(SE_3)、配套保障(OE_2)及政策内容感知(SE_1),其影响程度在不同类型农户中存在差异;影响农地"三权分置"政策响应度的主要障碍因子为土地价值评估(SE_(3-2))、职业技能培训评价(OE_(2-2))、社保水平评价(OE_(2-1))、"三权分置"政策了解程度(SE_(1-1))。[结论]提高农户农地"三权分置"政策响应度水平,加强对政策的宣传推广,建立合理土地价值评估机构,同步完善相应政策实施配套机制,应是当前"三权分置"政策实施中需要关注的重点。     

基于GF-1与MODIS时空融合的南方丘陵区水稻提取研究

[目的]水稻在我国粮食生产中占有重要的地位,针对南方低山丘陵区地形复杂多样,地块破碎的环境特点,利用遥感数据时空融合方法对水稻分布进行提取研究对作物精准估产和政府决策具有重要意义。[方法]以衡阳县为研究区,基于增强型时空数据融合模型(Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model,ESTARFM)将MODIS数据分别和GF-1WFV、Landsat 8影像进行数据融合,构建高时空分辨率的NDVI时间序列集,对NDVI序列进行滤波并获取各地物物候参数,采用决策树分类方法提取水稻种植面积。[结果](1)ESTARFM能有效融合MODIS和GF-1WFV、Landsat 8影像,其中Landsat 8数据的单波段融合效果(R_(NIR)=0.92,R_R=0.82)优于GF-1WFV融合结果(R_(NIR)=0.82,R_R=0.75),但NDVI结果相关性差异不大(Landsat:R_(NDVI)=0.93,GF-1WFV:R_(NDVI)=0.89);(2)利用决策树分类法进行地物分类,基于GF-1WFV融合数据的分类结果优于Landsat融合数据分类结果,其中GF-1WFV数据得到的分类结果总精度达到86.37%,单、双季稻的精度分别为62.26%与86.70%,Kappa系数达到0.80;而Landsat数据的分类总体精度为80.96%,单、双季稻精度分别为56.87%和70.74%,Kappa系数为0.72。[结论]GF-1WFV融合数据可用于获取精细的水稻种植分布;针对南方低山丘陵区,特别是地形复杂度较高的区域,GF-1 WFV数据比Landsat数据在水稻提取方面更具有优势。     

基于微生物视角的耕地土壤质量综合评价 ——以A县土地整治区为例

研究目的:为全面真实地反映耕地土壤质量水平,构建涵盖土壤理化性质、微生物特征以及重金属污染等指标的综合评价模型,以实现土地整治区耕地土壤质量的科学评估。研究方法:最小数据集(MDS)、土壤实验以及DNA高通量测序技术。研究结果:(1)研究区内耕地土壤质量水平不是很高(SQ0.6),并受到不同程度的重金属污染,尤其是Cr污染(GI3);(2)土地整治可以显著提高土壤微生物特征指标和土壤有机质含量,并有效降低重金属污染水平;(3)综合整治和传统耕作下的耕地分别具有最高(SQave=0.53)和最低(SQave=0.41)的土壤质量水平。研究结论:从微生物视角构建耕地土壤质量评价模型,有助于提高耕地资源的生态保护意识,可以为耕地综合效益评估和土地整治技术创新提供参考。     

灰沙燕巢

灰沙燕在东北及内蒙古为夏候鸟 ,喜栖于湖泊、泡沼和江河的泥质沙滩或附近的土崖上 ,筑巢于水边的沙质硬土悬壁上。横向巢间距为 1～ 11cm (5 90± 2 4 8,n =73) ,纵向巢间距为 1～ 18cm (8 4 7± 4 4 1,n =6 0 ) ,密集处巢密度为 32 75± 3 2 0 /m2 (n =6 0 ) ,洞穴长度为 6 0～ 130cm (89 35± 18 2 7,n =2 5 ) ,巢窝大小为cm :(14～ 17)× (12～ 14) ,(15 0± 1 2 2 )× (12 8± 0 84 ) ,n =2 5。     

郑州市水资源承载力综合评价

从水资源、经济、社会和生态环境4个方面选取17个指标构建评价指标体系,使用熵权法确定指标权重,运用TOPSIS模型对郑州市2007—2016年的水资源承载力水平进行综合评价。研究结果表明:(1)样本期内,郑州市水资源承载力综合评价值由0. 3336上升到0. 7007,总体呈稳步上升趋势,水资源承载力等级由"差"提升到"较好";(2)各子系统对水资源综合承载力的贡献逐年上升,其中生态环境子系统和经济子系统的贡献最大,社会子系统贡献相对稳定,而水资源子系统则因郑州市水资源时空分布不均,呈波动变化趋势。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。