川西北高原藏区贫困化地域分异机制研究

目的 川西北高原藏区是贫困人口聚集区和脱贫攻坚的主战场,开展贫困化地域分异机制研究巩固脱贫成果与乡村振兴具有重要的理论意义,然而对贫困化地域分异机制仍然难以准确理解。方法 文章应用地理探测器、空间自相关和GIS空间分析等模型,探究川西北高原藏区贫困化分异的主导因素,揭示影响因素对农村贫困化地域分异和贫困发生率变化的交互影响,确定影响贫困变化的各主要因子适宜特征。结果 （1）农村贫困化的空间分布存在三大热点区域和三小热点区域;高—高聚集（HH）、低—低聚集（LL）、低—高聚集（LH）异常值区域。（2）GDP密度、年降水量、湿润指数、人均耕地、人口密度、总辐射等6个因子是农村贫困化地域分异的主导因子。（3）农村贫困化分异机制差异显著,存在自然制约型、交通制约型、经济制约型和社会制约型等4种类型。（4）各因子之间呈相互增强和非线性增强关系,两种因子的交互作用增强单因子对贫困化的影响,研究揭示的影响贫困发生率各主要因子最适宜特征,有助于更好地理解不同维度因素对贫困发生率影响及其驱动机制,为巩固扶贫成果提供参考依据。结论 川西北高原藏区农村贫困化地域分布是多种因素共同作用的结果,进入后扶贫时代,应当对热点地区、主导因素和不同类型贫困村进行精准施策,加快基础设施建设,发展特色农牧业和旅游业,构建多种产业模式。     

秦巴山区农村贫困化地域分异及其影响因素*——以四川省仪陇县为例

[目的]文章以四川省贫困县仪陇为研究对象,通过空间自相关分析和GIS空间表达,揭示了仪陇贫困化空间格局和空间分布特征,提出相应的对策措施。[方法]运用地理探测器模型等对仪陇县贫困化影响因素进行探测分析,分析得出影响仪陇县贫困的主导因素,划分出不同贫困化地域类型。[结果]仪陇县贫困化空间分布呈现一定的集聚特征,并存在贫困发生率高值热点区和低值冷点区;海拔、到县城中心距离、粮食总产量、少数民族人口占比、大病保险人数占比、危房改造占比6个要素为制约仪陇县贫困化地域分异的主导因素;不同因素共同交互作用于贫困发生率时,影响效应大于单一因素;仪陇县存在自然环境制约型、地理区位制约型、经济条件制约型和社会要素制约型4种贫困化地域类型。[结论]仪陇县贫困化地域分异机制受多种因素影响,健全各项扶贫工作保障机制,统筹各项工作安排,科学、因地制宜地精准施策。     

地理资本视角下村级多维贫困测度及贫困类型划分*——基于重庆市1 919个市级贫困村调研数据

[目的]精确测度村级多维贫困以及划分贫困类型,是当前提高贫困识别精准度,进一步推进农村精准脱贫的战略需求。[方法]文章基于重庆市1 919个市级贫困村的调研数据,构建地理资本视角下村域多维贫困测度指标体系,并采用多维贫困测度模型、指标贡献度模型和最小方差方法系统揭示了重庆市贫困村多维贫困程度、贫困类型及其空间分布特征。[结果](1)重庆市贫困村多维贫困程度呈两端大中间小的"哑铃状"结构,贫困程度极化特征显著,区域发展具有不平衡性。空间分布上,贫困村多维贫困程度呈从渝东北、渝东南分别向渝西地区逐渐减轻的特征,贫困村多维贫困程度存在明显的地域性差异;(2)重庆市贫困村贫困类型主要分为单资本缺失型、双资本缺失型、三资本缺失型、四资本缺失型4个类型,其占比分别为9.07%、20.27%、66.91%、3.75%,三资本缺失型是最主要的贫困类型。[结论]重庆市贫困村致贫因素复杂多样,需要根据各自的贫困特征,因地制宜地开展差别化的帮扶工作。科学推进精准扶贫战略,力争实现2020年全面脱贫。     

农业部:紧扣精准脱贫搞好产业扶贫

<正>近期农业部将重点推进五项工作。一是组织编制贫困地区特色产业发展规划纲要,明确思路、重点和政策措施等,确保贫困村和贫困户受益。二是召开特色产业精准扶贫工作座谈会,研究部署特色产业扶贫有关工作。三是尽快出台农业部关于加强农业扶贫工作、促进农村人口精准脱贫的意见,调动全国农业系统力量,合力推进贫困地区农业发展与农民增收。四是深入定点扶贫地区、大兴安岭南麓片区等贫困地区调研,指导谋划好农业发展与脱贫攻坚思路,推动解     

海南农村精准扶贫项目绩效评估实证研究

[目的]通过对海南农村精准扶贫项目的绩效进行评估,以期为我国其他地区精准扶贫项目的推进提供借鉴。[方法]确定海南农村精准扶贫项目绩效评估的4类因素14个指标,同时选取2005~2015年间14个指标的统计数据,运用因子分析法对各投入要素进行绩效评价。[结果]绩效评价14个指标中,各投入要素对项目产出和项目效果的贡献大小由大到小依次为扶贫资金利用率、扶贫资金到户率、资金项目报账率、项目招投标率,他们对项目产出:项目建设内容完成率、项目计划内容完成率贡献明显;对农村贫困人口减少率和农村恩格尔系数、农村失学率都有重要的影响;对其他指标的贡献低于平均水平。[结论]海南省农村精准扶贫项目对项目产出和项目经济效果和社会效果明显,主要表现在产出项目建设内容完成率、项目计划内容完成率、农村贫困人口减少率和农村恩格尔系数、农村失学率等方面。     

精准扶贫对推进乡村振兴的价值及实现路径研究

党的十九大报告提出实施乡村振兴战略,而精准扶贫是推进落实乡村振兴战略的必由之路。精准扶贫是我国扶贫战略的重大转变,对在新时代中改进农村扶贫机制、提升农业农村发展水平、改善农村贫困人口生存状态具有重要价值。当前在农村精准扶贫过程中存在着精准扶贫运行机制不科学、优秀人才匮乏、信息化程度不足以及扶贫主体较单一等问题。应重点优化精准扶贫运行机制,建立信息化的精准扶贫智慧管理服务平台,打造高水平、专业化的精准扶贫人才队伍,建立一元主导多方参与的扶贫主体结构,充分发挥出精准扶贫在乡村振兴中的价值与作用。     

教育精准扶贫对农村大学生返乡意愿的影响研究

[目的]检视教育精准扶贫政策对农村大学生返乡意愿产生的影响,为完善脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接路径、破解乡村发展人才制约难题提供决策参考。[方法]文章根据教育扶贫目标多重性,从机理上将教育扶贫对象区分为乡村存量人口和乡村增量人口;以是否为建档立卡生身份为关键变量,对教育扶贫对乡村增量人口(农村大学生)返乡意愿的影响进行研究,通过问卷设计、数据收集和回归分析进行验证。[结果]教育精准扶贫能够增强农村大学生的返乡意愿;相较于男性,教育精准扶贫更能够增强女性大学生的返乡意愿;支持乡村发展的政策机制和城乡发展的市场机制是影响农村大学生返乡意愿宏观层面的重要机制,感恩机制及其机制作用的性别差异是教育精准扶贫对返乡意愿产生影响的重要通道。[结论]破解乡村振兴人才制约,可以在教育精准扶贫过程中强化感恩效应、加强对大学生返乡就业创业引导;要关注不同农村大学生群体的返乡意愿差异,因势利导,因人施策。     

精准扶贫要在农村集体经济上发力

作为今年＂两会＂上的热词,精准扶贫受到了广泛关注。各方代表畅谈了对于精准扶贫的建议和意见,一致认为,既需要多层次的＂组合拳＂,也需要切中要害的＂精准拳＂。其中有代表提出：＂精准扶贫＂要在发展农村集体经济上发力。脱贫攻坚,主战场在农村,难点焦点也在农村。从现实情况看,低收入人群多数集中在地处偏远、交通闭塞、产业发展薄弱的贫困村。村集体没有钱,     

广西村级精准扶贫绩效评价指标体系实证研究

为实现2020年建成小康社会,我国党政领导和各级政府高度重视农村精准扶贫工作。文章从经济学、管理学、社会学等学科理论视角,采用目标层次法构建广西村级精准扶贫绩效评价指标体系,并用其对广西壮族自治区林业厅对口帮扶的一个贫困村精准扶贫绩效进行了评价,验证了指标体系的科学性和可行性,为进一步推进精准扶贫、提升精准扶贫绩效提供了理论指导和决策依据。     

农村集体经营性建设用地价格影响因素的实证分析*——基于江西省余江县179份交易案例

[目的]确定农村集体商服用地、工业用地价格的影响因素,为科学评估农村集体经营性建设用地地价、构建城乡统一建设用地市场提供参考。[方法]利用全国农村土地使用制度改革试点之一的江西省余江县179个交易案例,运用特征价格模型分析农村集体商服用地、工业用地价格的影响因素及各类因素的贡献率。[结果](1)农村集体商服用地价格的主要影响因素依次为乡镇财政收入、人均纯收入、到客运站距离、到国道的距离、教育设施;农村集体工业用地价格的主要影响因素依次为人均纯收入、人均农村居民点面积、到客运站的距离、到国道的距离。(2)社会经济因素、区位交通因素和公共设施因素对集体商服用地价格的贡献度分别为69. 0%、20. 4%和10. 6%;社会经济因素和区位交通因素对集体工业用地价格的贡献度分别为52. 8%和47. 2%。[结论]总体上与国有城镇建设用地价格存在共性规律,但存在部分因素与国有建设用地价格规律存在差异,农村集体经营性建设用地估价不宜完全套用城镇建设用地的思路。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.