公司债市场信用违约风险的传染效应与控制机理

本文基于2014年1月-2020年9月公司债市场信用违约与一级市场信用利差省级月度面板数据,运用固定效应与中介效应模型,分析公司债违约风险传染效应.发现:(1)公司债违约风险在公司债市场内部传染并产生结构化定价效应,区域商业银行投债机制、政府兜底机制是重要的风险中介传导机制;(2)不同类型、信用等级、区域的公司债发行价格不同程度地受违约风险事件影响;(3)公司债违约事件所具有的特征也会影响公司债市场发行价格体系.     

“走出去”对企业融资约束的影响——基于“一带一路”倡议准自然实验的证据

本文基于“一带一路”倡议这一准自然实验,使用双重差分法,以中国2007-2017年A股上市企业为样本,实证检验了“走出去”对企业融资约束的影响。研究发现,参与“一带一路”倡议的企业与未参与的企业相比,融资约束水平有所上升。该效应对处于重点对接省份的参与企业可能更为明显。与国有企业相比,参与“一带一路”倡议的私人企业的融资约束有所上升,而且处在重点对接行业和省份的参与“一带一路”倡议的民营企业融资约束更有可能上升。从机制上看,由于观察周期尚短和其它因素的限制,企业参与“一带一路”倡议以后,其在信贷资源获取、利润率和生产率等方面还未体现出优势来。从政策来讲,为更好地支持国家的“一带一路”倡议,需要进一步拓宽思路对企业形成更有效的金融支持,以提高“一带一路”建设的可持续性。     

“走出去”对企业融资约束的影响——基于“一带一路”倡议准自然实验的证据

本文基于“一带一路”倡议这一准自然实验,使用双重差分法,以中国2007-2017年A股上市企业为样本,实证检验了“走出去”对企业融资约束的影响。研究发现,参与“一带一路”倡议的企业与未参与的企业相比,融资约束水平有所上升。该效应对处于重点对接省份的参与企业可能更为明显。与国有企业相比,参与“一带一路”倡议的私人企业的融资约束有所上升,而且处在重点对接行业和省份的参与“一带一路”倡议的民营企业融资约束更有可能上升。从机制上看,由于观察周期尚短和其它因素的限制,企业参与“一带一路”倡议以后,其在信贷资源获取、利润率和生产率等方面还未体现出优势来。从政策来讲,为更好地支持国家的“一带一路”倡议,需要进一步拓宽思路对企业形成更有效的金融支持,以提高“一带一路”建设的可持续性。     

“一带一路”倡议对企业海外投资的增进效应北大核心CSSCI

基于2009-2017年中国A股上市公司的面板数据,本文采用双重差分方法检验了“一带一路”倡议对企业海外投资的影响。研究发现:“一带一路”倡议的提出对相关企业海外投资的增进效应明显,而加大税收返还力度和提高信贷规模是“一带一路”倡议影响企业海外投资的重要机制。基于企业海外投资模式的检验结果表明,“一带一路”倡议显著促进了企业的绿地投资,同时对企业的跨国并购亦发挥了“稳定器”的作用。     

上市公司股份回购的溢出效应——基于公司债信用利差的经验证据

立足于我国股份回购制度重大修订以及债券市场债券违约潮的现实背景，以公司债信用利差为研究视角，考察上市公司股份回购在债券市场的溢出效应。结果表明，股份回购对公司债信用利差有正向影响，说明股份回购在债券市场存在溢出效应。进一步研究发现，股份回购是通过“风险防御”效应中的信息风险传导使得公司债信用利差增大。公司治理水平越低、融资约束程度越高，这种溢出效应越明显。拓展性检验结果表明，股份回购对公司债信用利差的正向影响在《公司法》修订后更为显著。研究结论不仅为上市公司股份回购的溢出效应研究提供了债券市场的经验证据，也为监管部门制定债权人利益保护政策提供了参考。     

隐含波动率对公司债信用利差的预测能力研究——来自上证50ETF期权的证据

本文以2015年2月至2018年3月在证券交易所发行与交易的一般公司债券为样本,建立面板固定效应模型分信用等级来研究上证50ETF期权隐含波动率对公司债信用利差的影响。研究结果显示隐含波动率对不同评级公司债信用利差影响显著且为正,隐含波动率可以用来预测公司债信用利差。借助本文的研究,不仅可以检验隐含波动率是否能够包含经济运行态势的信息,评估上证50ETF期权的定价效率,也可以为投资者对冲信用风险提供一种新策略。     

中国公司债信用利差的影响机理研究

借助公司债的结构化定价理论和多元回归方法,研究中国公司债信用利差的影响机理。利用Merton的结构化模型剖析了公司债信用利差的理论影响机理。进一步,以无风险利率、收益率曲线斜率、流动性、剩余期限、到期收益率波动率作为解释变量,构建多元回归模型,检验中国公司债信用利差的影响因素。研究发现：无风险利率、收益率曲线斜率对公司债信用利差影响显著,流动性因素对公司债利差解释能力较弱。     

“一带一路”倡议如何保障数字经济国际投资合作行稳致远？——基于数字互联互通的中介作用研究

本文以2000-2021年中国A股上市公司为研究样本,运用中介效应模型,从信息不对称视角考察了“一带一路”倡议对数字经济国际投资合作的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明：“一带一路”倡议实施显著促进了数字经济国际投资合作,该结论在经过一系列的有效性和稳健性检验后仍然成立,数字互联互通可能是其关键作用机制。此外异质性分析发现,从区位特征区分考察,“一带一路”倡议更显著地促进投资风险较低的沿线国家,且对亚洲国家的投资存在更显著的促进效应;从企业投资存续类型区分考察,“一带一路”倡议对持续投资和投资进入的促进效果更好,对投资退出不存在显著的促进效应。本文丰富了数字经济国际投资合作领域的研究内容,对“一带一路”倡议的高质量发展具有一定参考价值。     

“一带一路”与中国对外直接投资:效应和影响机制北大核心CSSCI

“一带一路”倡议有助于充分利用国内国际两个市场和资源,在更大范围、更广领域上优化资源配置,提高开放水平。研究发现:“一带一路”倡议对中国向“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资起到显著促进作用;“一带一路”倡议制度框架,有利于沿线国家降低税负,提高税收征管效率,进而通过改善税收营商环境,显著提高中国对沿线国家的对外直接投资水平。因而,应继续推动中国与“一带一路”沿线国家税收合作,帮助沿线国家提高税收征管能力;加快中国与“一带一路”沿线国家税收协定谈判和签署步伐,修订现有已签订的税收协定中的不适宜条款;继续基于“一带一路”框架优化中国“走出去”企业对外投资税收服务,为中国企业参与对外直接投资创造良好的税收环境。     

“一带一路”倡议对沿线国家政府债务的影响

当前共建“一带一路”进入高质量发展阶段,可持续性问题成为其内在核心.在此背景下,科学有效探讨“一带一路”倡议对沿线国家政府债务影响对于推进“一带一路”可持续发展具有重要意义.本文以2006-2018年世界范围内150个国家(地区)的数据为样本,以合成控制法为工具,探究了“一带一路”倡议对沿线国家的政府债务影响.结果 表明:“一带一路”倡议显著降低了沿线国家的政府债务;异质性分析表明,“一带一路”倡议对中低收入与低收入国家政府债务的削减作用更大,且政府债务削减作用在21世纪海上丝绸之路沿线国家强于丝绸之路经济带沿线国家;具体国别分析结果同样支持了“一带一路”倡议对沿线国家政府债务负担的减轻效应;进一步从贸易和投资层面探索“一带一路”倡议对沿线国家政府债务削减效应的重要影响渠道发现, “一带一路”倡议通过促进沿线国家出口贸易和吸收外资的渠道有效降低了政府债务.本文研究结论对于继续推进“一带一路”高质量发展具有重要指导意义.     

Evaluating corporate credit risks in emerging markets

Corporate leverage among emerging market firms went up considerably after the 2007–09 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). We investigate how the increased emerging market corporate leverage in the post-GFC period (2010–15) impacted the underlying credit risk, compared to the pre-GFC (2002–2006) and GFC (2007–09) periods. Using firm-level credit risk, financial, and balance sheet data for 350 firms in 23 emerging markets, we find that leverage growth leads to a significant increase in corporate credit default swap (CDS) spreads only in the post-GFC period, and the incremental effect is mainly evident among risky firms (firms with high leverage and idiosyncratic volatility). In contrast, emerging market CDS spreads during the GFC period are mainly driven by global market risk factors. The post-GFC corporate debt vulnerability is mitigated for high growth prospect firms and firms domiciled in countries with high net capital inflows and superior governance. While corporate leverage growth impacts aggregate corporate credit risk, there is no evidence that it increases sovereign credit risk. Our paper contributes to the recent literature on potential sources of default risk in emerging markets.     

Modelling bonds and credit default swaps using a structural model with contagion

This paper develops a two-dimensional structural framework for valuing credit default swaps and corporate bonds in the presence of default contagion. Modelling the values of related firms as correlated geometric Brownian motions with exponential default barriers, analytical formulae are obtained for both credit default swap spreads and corporate bond yields. The credit dependence structure is influenced by both a longer-term correlation structure as well as by the possibility of default contagion. In this way, the model is able to generate a diverse range of shapes for the term structure of credit spreads using realistic values for input parameters.     

Corporate bond default risk: A 150-year perspective

We study corporate bond default rates using an extensive new data set spanning the 1866-2008 period. We find that the corporate bond market has repeatedly suffered clustered default events much worse than those experienced during the Great Depression. For example, during the railroad crisis of 1873-1875, total defaults amounted to 36% of the par value of the entire corporate bond market. Using a regime-switching model, we examine the extent to which default rates can be forecast by financial and macroeconomic variables. We find that stock returns, stock return volatility, and changes in GDP are strong predictors of default rates. Surprisingly, however, credit spreads are not. Over the long term, credit spreads are roughly twice as large as default losses, resulting in an average credit risk premium of about 80 basis points. We also find that credit spreads do not adjust in response to realized default rates.     

Internal conflict and Bank liquidity creation: Evidence from the belt and Road initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative is the most important international economic strategy in the 21st Century initiated by China. In this paper, we conduct the first international study on the effects of the host country’s internal conflict risk of the Belt and Road Initiative on bank liquidity creation, one of the key functions banks provide for the public. We find that the host country’s internal conflict risk negatively affects bank liquidity creation. The results are also economically significant and robust to subsample tests. It also indicates that Chinese firms that will conduct foreign investments in the countries of the Belt and Road Initiative should take the host country’s internal conflict risk into account.     

Determinants of yield spread dynamics: Euro versus US dollar corporate bonds

This paper presents a systematic comparison between the determinants of euro and US dollar yield spread dynamics. The results show that US dollar yield spreads are significantly more affected by changes in the level and the slope of the default-free term structure and the stock market return and volatility. Surprisingly, euro yield spreads are strongly affected by the US (and not the euro) level and slope. This confirms the dominance of US interest rates in the corporate bond markets. Interestingly, I find that liquidity risk is higher for US dollar corporate bonds than euro corporate bonds. For both regions, the effect of changes in the bid-ask spread is mainly significant during periods of high liquidity risk. Finally, the results indicate that the credit cycle as measured by the region-specific default probability significantly increases US yield spreads. This is not the case for euro yield spreads.     

Underwriter reputation and the quality of certification: Evidence from high-yield bonds

This paper provides primary evidence of whether certification via reputable underwriters is beneficial to investors in the corporate bond market. We focus on the high-yield bond market in which certification of issuer quality is most valuable to investors owing to low liquidity and issuing firms’ high opacity and default risk. We find bonds underwritten by the most reputable underwriters to be associated with significantly higher downgrade and default risk. Investors seem to be aware of this relation, as we further find the private information conveyed via the issuer-reputable underwriter match to have a significantly positive effect on at-issue yield spreads. Our results are consistent with the market-power hypothesis, and contradict the traditional certification hypothesis and underlying reputation mechanism.     

债券评级机构变更——基于评级选购与评级迎合视角

本文以2008年至2017年的公司债券为样本,研究了发行人变更评级机构的影响,以此来解释评级市场上发行人频繁变更评级机构的现象。本文发现发行人变更评级机构后,其信用等级得到显著提升。发行人变更评级机构的行为对信用等级的影响在以下两种情形中更显著:一是当发行人所处行业或评级机构所在的评级市场竞争激烈时;二是当发行人主体评级位于AA信用等级的临界点时。进一步研究发现,考虑到评级机构变更与信用等级之间的交互影响,变更评级机构的发行人整体上可实现发债成本的降低。但该类发行人未来的违约风险增加、经营业绩下降。最后,本文发现债券发行规模较大以及非国有发行人更倾向于变更评级机构来提高信用等级。本文通过分析发行人更换信用评级机构的动机和后果,为监管部门构建以评级质量为导向的良性竞争环境提供借鉴参考。     

Market conditions,default risk and credit spreads

This study empirically examines the impact of the interaction between market and default risk on corporate credit spreads. Using credit default swap (CDS) spreads, we find that average credit spreads decrease in GDP growth rate, but increase in GDP growth volatility and jump risk in the equity market. At the market level, investor sentiment is the most important determinant of credit spreads. At the firm level, credit spreads generally rise with cash flow volatility and beta, with the effect of cash flow beta varying with market conditions. We identify implied volatility as the most significant determinant of default risk among firm-level characteristics. Overall, a major portion of individual credit spreads is accounted for by firm-level determinants of default risk, while macroeconomic variables are directly responsible for a lesser portion.     

失信风险传染会影响债券定价吗？——基于担保网络大数据的实证研究

在债券定价研究中不仅应该考虑企业自身的信用风险,还应该考虑相关网络组织的传染风险。本文基于43万笔非金融企业间的担保数据,构建了企业信用担保网络,发现失信风险作为一种广义的信用风险,在担保网络中具有传染效应,该传染效应能够影响债券的信用利差。企业的失信行为产生了三类传染效应,一是直接传染效应,无论是发债主体的担保人出现失信行为,还是被担保人出现失信行为,都会引起发债主体的信用利差上升;二是局部感染效应,如果局部担保网络中失信主体的占比提升,可能引起投资者对发债主体的“团体处罚”,导致信用利差上升;三是全局扩散效应,失信信息沿担保网络向整个市场扩散,导致债券信用利差上升。从企业所有制来看,民营企业主要受微观的直接传染效应和中观的局部感染效应影响;而国有企业主要受全局扩散效应影响;被担保人的失信风险对两类企业都有显著影响。失信风险传染效应会降低企业的再融资能力,其中局部感染效应导致企业次年的借款融资额下降,全局扩散效应导致企业次年的债券融资额下降。     

A time-varying common risk factor affecting corporate yield spreads

A time-varying common risk factor affecting corporate yield spreads is modelled by extending a panel data model. The panel data model accommodates a common factor, which is associated with time-varying individual effects. The factor multiplied by a bond-specific unobservable is identified as a systematic risk premium. In disentangling the systematic risk premium, both credit and liquidity risks are evaluated; the credit risk is assessed by bond rating, and the liquidity risk is indirectly measured by discrepancy in quoted yields by brokerage firms. Parameters are estimated by the generalized method of moments procedure. The model is tested on the corporate bond market in Japan. Empirical results show that the time-varying common risk factor is successfully estimated together with credit and liquidity risks.