主观幸福感、风险异质性与家庭金融资产选择 ——基于CHFS数据的实证分析

本文利用2017年中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,使用Binary Probit模型实证分析了居民主观幸福感对家庭金融资产选择的影响。研究发现:主观幸福感的提升对家庭储蓄参与概率影响为正,对股票参与概率影响为负,对商业保险参与概率影响不显著;进一步基于家庭风险偏好分类的实证分析发现:家庭主观幸福感与储蓄参与概率之间存在一定的风险异质性,与股市参与概率之间存在一定的趋同性,而在商业保险参与概率上风险异质性不显著。指出各金融机构应与居民建立完善、高效的沟通机制,以满足居民多元化金融消费需求;金融监管机构应进一步推动资本市场体制机制改革,为投资者搭建健康有序的资本市场。     

住房资产对中国家庭风险金融资产配置的影响研究

随着时代的发展,住房资产与金融资产的联系越来越紧密,逐渐向住房资产金融产品化发展,成为一种新型金融产品,呈现出货币化和金融化的趋势。本文使用probit模型、普通最小二乘法(OLS)、中介效应以及调节效应,采用2015年中国家庭金融问卷调查微观数据(CHFS)对住房资产价值细化,从住房增值、住房贷款和住房总值三个方面对居民家庭风险金融市场进入和风险金融资产配置的影响进行研究。研究发现:(1)住房总值和住房增值对居民家庭是否参与金融市场呈现显著的负向影响,住房贷款对其具有正向影响。(2)住房贷款对居民家庭风险金融资产投资有负向影响,住房增值和住房总值对其有正向影响。(3)幸福感在居民家庭是否参与金融市场和住房增值中存在部分中介效应,安全感在居民家庭风险金融投资和住房贷款之间存在部分中介效应,未来预期在居民家庭是否参与金融市场与居民家庭是否拥有住房贷款中存在调节效应。最后,根据实证结果提出完善金融市场和优化居民金融资产结构的政策建议。     

城市居民家庭参与风险金融市场行为分析——以厦门市为例

文章基于厦门市居民问卷调查数据,采用Pearson相关系数和多元线性回归进行实证分析,发现居民家庭决策者的学历水平、职业、投资经验、家庭收入水平、风险偏好、社会养老保险及房产持有对居民家庭参与风险性金融资产市场起到正向作用,而家庭决策者的年龄对家庭配置风险性金融资产不具有线性关系,最后提出增进理财能力、健全社会保障体系、促进金融产品创新等相关建议。     

普惠金融有助于提高居民幸福感吗？

本文从普惠金融的视角切入，基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据采用熵权法构造微观个体层面的普惠金融指数，利用有序概率模型研究普惠金融服务对居民主观幸福感的具体影响及其异质性。实证结果表明，普惠金融可以显著提升我国居民的主观幸福感，内生性和稳健性检验表明研究结果稳健。从收入层面和信心层面的中介机制检验发现，普惠金融可以通过提升居民家庭收入以及对未来的预期，进而提高居民的主观幸福感。相较于西部地区而言，我国东、中部地区普惠金融发展对居民主观幸福感的影响更显著；且提高普惠金融水平可以显著提升城镇居民的主观幸福感，但对农村地区居民影响不显著。     

信贷约束与家庭金融市场参与北大核心

本文利用具有全国代表性的中国家庭收入调查(CHIP)数据,对不同类型、不同渠道及不同强度的信贷约束进行了多维度的全面界定,并分析了信贷约束对居民家庭金融市场参与的影响.研究认为,总体上,信贷约束对家庭金融市场的参与概率和参与程度具有显著的负向影响.具体来说,相比于供给型信贷约束,需求型信贷约束对家庭金融市场参与的抑制作用更大;当家庭面临机构和私人双重信贷约束,或受信贷约束强度更大时,其金融市场参与概率和参与程度更低.作用机制方面,信贷约束通过影响家庭收入和风险偏好,进而抑制家庭金融市场参与行为.异质性分析发现,信贷约束对年轻和老年家庭,以及较低财富水平家庭的金融市场参与抑制作用更大.     

房价预期与城镇居民家庭股市参与——理论探讨与微观经验证据

本文基于中国家庭金融调查数据,通过构建理论模型和实证检验分析了房价预期与家庭股市参与的关系,考察了行为金融偏差在房价预期影响股市参与过程中的作用,并根据背景风险、社会网络和户主特征进行异质性分析。结果表明:(1)房价上涨预期通过降低居民家庭的股票收益率预期和增加住房资产,进而降低居民家庭的股市参与概率和参与程度;(2)“心理账户”以及“有限关注”的存在显著弱化了房价上涨预期对家庭股市参与的负向作用;(3)房价上涨预期对股市参与概率和参与程度的负向作用在收入风险更高、健康状况更差、社会网络水平较低以及受教育程度偏低的家庭中更大。因此,稳定房价预期能够通过提升家庭股市参与,进而从需求角度促进股票市场的健康发展。     

金融知识对商业保险参与的影响——来自中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据的实证分析

本文采用2013年中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS),从微观层面上实证研究了金融知识对居民商业保险购买行为的影响。结果表明,金融知识的增加提高了我国居民家庭参与商业保险的可能性,并且这种影响在城市和农村家庭中没有显著差异。进一步研究还表明,金融知识的增加提高了我国居民家庭商业保险的参与程度,即金融知识水平越高保费支出也越多。本文的研究为理解转型经济背景下商业保险的发展提供了一个新的视角,普及居民金融知识是推动商业保险发展的重要手段。     

数字普惠金融能否促进城镇居民参与商业养老保险?

为研究数字普惠金融对城镇居民商业养老保险参与程度的影响,本文采用中国家庭金融调查数据和北京大学数字金融指数,运用Probit、Tobit模型进行基准回归,并分别使用主客观金融素养作为中介变量进行中介效应分析。研究结果显示,数字普惠金融与家庭养老保险参与存在直接显著的正向关系,同时数字普惠金融可以通过提升居民的主客观金融素养水平来提升家庭养老保险参与的可能性。进一步分析发现,数字普惠金融在东部和西部地区能够正向影响城镇居民商业养老保险参与,且西部地区最为显著;客观金融素养的中介效应占比大于主观金融素养。基于此,西部地区应推广数字普惠金融服务,提升居民金融知识普及和关注程度,以更好地促进商业养老保险市场发展,满足居民的养老保障需求。     

投资期限与居民家庭股票市场参与——基于微观调查数据的实证分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

经典生命周期投资组合文献假定所有投资者的投资都是持续一生的,因此用投资者的年龄简单替代投资期限,但投资者实际投资期限与理论假定相去甚远。本文基于中国居民微观调查数据实证研究发现,投资者的年龄不能替代投资期限,投资期限的缩短可能主要是因为投资者承担背景风险。背景风险既是影响居民家庭投资期限的主要原因,也显著影响居民家庭对股票市场的参与。研究结果表明,如果要引导中国家庭投资者更多地投资于以股票为代表的风险资产,需要降低投资者的背景风险并延长投资期限。     

金融素养对中国居民家庭金融资产配置分散化的影响——基于倾向得分匹配法(PSM)的实证研究

本文利用中国家庭金融调查与研究中心2015年的微观数据,使用倾向得分匹配法实证研究了金融素养对家庭金融资产配置分散化的影响,研究表明:我国居民金融素养水平整体较低,且地区差异和城乡差异十分显著;我国居民家庭金融资产配置分散化程度极低,并已成为我国居民家庭金融资产配置中最突出的问题;金融素养对家庭金融资产配置分散化具有显著的正向影响;收入水平在金融素养对居民家庭金融资产配置分散化的影响中发挥着异质性作用。以上研究结论,对提高我国居民家庭对金融素养重要性的认识以及优化家庭金融资产结构、促进家庭金融资产配置分散化、提升家庭金融福利具有一定的启示。     

我国股市财富效应对居民消费影响的实证检验——基于生命周期—持久收入理论扩展模型的新视角

基于生命周期-持久收入(LC-PIH)理论,本文建立居民收入、消费支出、股市市值和购房支出几个变量之间的实证检验模型,以研究我国股市的财富效应。选取季度和月度频率数据,测算我国2003~2018年全口径居民消费和2013~2018年乘用车消费的股市财富效应,实证结果发现全口径居民消费主要受收入的影响,股市的财富效应不显著,检验结果符合持久收入说;乘用车消费除受收入的影响之外,股市的财富效应也显著。基于实证结果,并结合发达国家较为普遍存在的财富效应,提出三点建议:一是稳步提高居民可支配收入,是促进我国消费平稳增长、发挥消费拉动经济增长基础性作用的根本;二是要发挥出股市在消费中的财富效应,需改变我国股市长期存在的牛短熊长困境;三是应进一步提高我国居民通过养老金和企业年金等间接渠道参与股市的比重,使养老金、企业年金等长期资金与资本市场形成良性互动。     

新发展格局下居民收入、杠杆率与经济增长

构建新发展格局是我国应对百年未有之大变局,实现中华民族伟大复兴战略全局的主动选择。构建新发展格局要以扩大内需为战略基点,我国完整的工业门类和超大规模市场空间为扩大内需提供了现实条件。考虑到投资对经济增长的拉动作用下降,投资需求高速增长难以为继,稳定经济增长需要充分发挥消费的拉动作用,而消费中政府消费增长快于居民消费增长,决定了需要构建以居民消费为主体的内需格局。在扩大居民消费方面,因为居民收入增长水平较低降低了分母,以及加杠杆购房提高了分子,二者综合作用推高居民部门杠杆率并对居民消费产生挤出效应。为此,需要从提高居民收入水平、优化居民收入结构,按照"房住不炒"的总体思路稳定房地产调控,也即从分子、分母两端降低杠杆率提升居民消费,同步推动消费升级、优化消费环境,提升居民消费满意度来释放居民消费潜力,进而让消费对经济增长的拉动作用充分发挥,以稳定经济增长。     

我国居民杠杆率现状及影响因素研究

近年来,我国居民部门杠杆率的快速上升引起社会各界关注。本文使用货币信贷和城镇储户调查数据,对我国居民部门杠杆率和偿债能力现状进行了分析,并运用各省住户贷款数据计算各省的居民杠杆率,使用面板数据模型对居民杠杆率上升的原因进行了实证分析。结果表明,房价的快速上涨和住房销售的增长都对居民部门杠杆率的上升有显著正向影响,其中房价上涨的影响程度更大。此外,金融发展水平和老年人抚养比对居民杠杆率有正向影响,少年人抚养比对居民杠杆率有负向影响。     

我国居民杠杆率现状及影响因素研究

近年来,我国居民部门杠杆率的快速上升引起社会各界关注。本文使用货币信贷和城镇储户调查数据,对我国居民部门杠杆率和偿债能力现状进行了分析,并运用各省住户贷款数据计算各省的居民杠杆率,使用面板数据模型对居民杠杆率上升的原因进行了实证分析。结果表明,房价的快速上涨和住房销售的增长都对居民部门杠杆率的上升有显著正向影响,其中房价上涨的影响程度更大。此外,金融发展水平和老年人抚养比对居民杠杆率有正向影响,少年人抚养比对居民杠杆率有负向影响。     

A Reexamination of Housing Price and Household Consumption in China: The Dual Role of Housing Consumption and Housing Investment

It is important to investigate the correlation between housing price and household consumption to gain an understanding of the behavior of the economy and effectively handle the consequences of economic development. In the last two decades, the accumulation of housing wealth by Chinese households has not been effectively transmitted to their final consumption. We discovered that the sustained increase in household wealth and housing-ownership rate in China has been accompanied by a decrease in consumption rate. We also identified a negative correlation between housing price and household consumption for both the homeowners who own one housing unit and those who own two units of housing. We investigated this phenomenon in China both theoretically and empirically by capturing the dual nature of housing as a consumption good and an investment vehicle. We found that the demand for second housing units is motivated by increasing housing consumption demand rather than pure investment needs. To explain the mechanisms that drive household-consumption behavior, we also explored the effects on household consumption of China’s educational system, marriage market and ageing society, as well as future housing-market uncertainty. The implications of government intervention in the housing market are discussed.     

金融市场参与、风险异质性与家庭幸福

本文研究了金融市场参与对家庭幸福的影响。理论分析显示,金融市场参与通过风险和收益对家庭幸福产生影响。本文运用2015年中国家庭金融调查数据,实证研究了金融市场参与对家庭幸福的影响。为克服内生性,本文选取工具变量,运用极大似然估计发现,家庭参与金融市场会显著提高家庭幸福的可能性。从投资风险的角度进一步研究发现,金融投资的风险异质性对家庭幸福有显著影响:家庭参与低风险金融投资会显著提高家庭幸福,参与高风险金融投资会显著降低家庭幸福。从民间借贷参与中,本文发现家庭参与民间借出款会显著提高家庭幸福的可能性。民间借贷投资风险对家庭幸福的异质性影响也是存在的,高风险借出款对家庭幸福有显著的负向影响。本文为理解家庭金融投资行为与幸福的关系提供了新的证据,可为构建和谐社会提供有益参考。     

Relative-to-rival corporate philanthropy,product market competitiveness,and stakeholders

Unlike most of the literature that examines the relationship between corporate philanthropy and financial performance, this study investigates the mechanisms through which corporate socially responsible behaviors produce financial outcomes. We propose that corporate philanthropy improves corporate competitiveness by eliciting positive responses from stakeholders, who assess a firm’s philanthropic contribution in relation to its rivals to determine what level of support they wish to provide to the firm. We predict that a firm’s philanthropy relative to its rivals has a positive effect on its product market competitiveness, and that this positive effect is moderated by three conditions that influence stakeholder response: stakeholder attention to philanthropy, its perceived legitimacy, and expectations of corporate giving. Our predictions are generally supported by our analyses. Overall, this paper shows that strategic philanthropy has a quantitative dimension, and firms obtain the market competitiveness associated with corporate philanthropy by integrating their rivals’ positions into their decision making.     

Changes in perceptions of risk and competence among beginning scuba divers

The adventure experience paradigm theorizes that individuals engaging in high‐risk recreation exhibit changes in perceptions of risk and competence. While previous research has examined changes in perceptions for individuals engaged in short‐term, high‐risk recreation, there is no research examining patterns of perceptual change through extended involvement in risk recreation activities. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in perceived risk and perceived competence throughout a 14‐week basic scuba diving course. Participants (n = 57) completed the dimensions of an adventure experience (DAE) at the start and end of the course as well as before and after their first time on scuba, first open water dive, and first off shore dive. Changes in perceived risk and perceived competence were examined. Results indicated a significant decrease in perceived risk and a significant increase in both competence factors (attitudes and abilities) pre‐to‐post course and at most time intervals. Although statistically significant, changes in perceived risk and attitude may be of less practical significance (around 0.6 on a 10‐point scale). However, perceived ability increased more noticeably (2.6 on a 10‐point scale). The findings of this study support and further confirm the literature, which indicates repeated involvement in high‐risk recreation decreases participants' perceptions of risk and increases perceptions of competence. Recommendations include further study of DAE psychometrics and research on how changes in perceptions of risk and competence are related to outcomes in adventure recreation.     

Peer Effects in Consumption Among Chinese Rural Households

This article attempts to identify peer effects in household consumption in rural China using the Chinese Household Finance Survey (CHFS) 2011 data. In addition to the selection effect, reflection problem and correlated effect, we address the actual peer problem via the matching method in identifying the peer effect. It is found that as peer household’s consumption expenditure increases by 1%, the household’s consumption would increase by 0.24%. It is also found that richer households are more susceptible to peer pressure in consumption decisions. Finally, household is more sensitive to changes in the consumption of poorer peers, relative to their richer peers.     

Book Review

This research examines two modes of assessment of environmental health risks and the transformation of these risks into public health issues while relying on the specific case of well‐water toxicity and mega dose of electromagnetic radiation found in one prosperous town in the center of Israel – Ramat ha‐Sharon. Based on official and scientific documentation and interviews conducted at three time periods with randomly selected town residents from contaminated neighborhoods (N = 169), this study shows the discrepancy between the ‘objective’ experts’ standards for assessing environmental health risks and the public’s subjective perception and evaluation of the impact of these risks on their health and well‐being. Even though, by experts’ standards, the well‐water toxicity remained constant over the three interview sessions, Ramat ha‐Sharon town residents’ subjective levels of concern and perception of risk fluctuated as a function of news media and municipality announcements and residents’ perceived ability to minimize the risk. This study also shows the complex and multidisciplinary nature of environmental health risk assessments and the need to relocate them into the broader socioeconomic and political context in which they are embedded.