经济周期、投资者心理偏差与资产定价

新兴的行为资产定价理论存在的重大缺陷是未全面、系统地研究投资者心理偏差的变动机理和行为偏差的形成根源,以及它们对资产定价的影响,从而削弱了模型的解释力。投资者心理偏差随经济周期动态变化,不同周期阶段下呈现出不同态势(方向或强度),使得人们相应产生各种非理性程度不一的投资预期,进而导致资产价格偏离基础价值。而这种偏离又会反作用于投资者心理偏差与经济周期波动,从而相互影响,不规则地循环反复。文章将投资者心理偏差置于经济周期这一宏观背景下,提出"经济周期-心理偏差-行为偏差-资产定价"的研究新思路,以期揭示心理偏差影响下投资者行为与资产定价之间的作用与反作用机理,打开"心理偏差-资产定价"的"过程黑箱"。     

一部关于中国股市个体投资者行为研究的力作——评《中国股市个体投资者行为实证研究》

<正>投资者行为通过影响资产定价而影响资源的有效配置。与传统金融理论在完全理性人的假设下研究证券市场投资者的行为不同,行为金融理论在心理学、决策科学研究成果的基础上,研究了投资者的有限理性行为。行为金融学理论突破了传统金融理论预期效用最大化和有效市场的研究范式,从投资者的实际决策心理出发,重新审视主宰金融市场的人的因素对市场的影响,从而有效地解释了众多的市场"异象"。     

一部关于中国股市个体投资者行为研究的力作——评《中国股市个体投资者行为实证研究》

投资者行为通过影响资产定价而影响资源的有效配置.与传统金融理论在完全理性人的假设下研究证券市场投资者的行为不同,行为金融理论在心理学、决策科学研究成果的基础上,研究了投资者的有限理性行为.     

经济周期、前景理论与BHS资产定价模型修正

行为资产定价研究引起了国内外的广泛关注,但由于现实资本市场中诸多异象的存在,导致人们对经典资产定价模型的质疑。经济周期波动会对投资者的理性产生显著影响,而非理性投资可能引发金融危机。据此,引入经济周期这一独特视角,剖析前景理论对资产定价的作用机理;提出相关假设,对BHS模型进行修正,以适应经济周期影响下的行为资产定价问题研究。     

随机贴现因子的要素结构与资产定价异常

在随机贴现因子框架内，资产定价的动态行为、投资者的学习过程及其微观心理行为不仅增强了对定价理论与其实证金融中出现的“定价异常”现象的经济解释能力，还推动了资产定价理论的发展。     

现代金融理论的困境与新金融理论发展的展望

一、现代金融理论范式及其困境(一)现代金融理论逻辑范式20世纪50年代,冯.纽曼和摩根斯坦(Von Neumann-Mor-genstern)在公理化假设的基础上建立了不确定条件下对理性人(rational actor)选择进行分析的框架,即期望效用函数理论。阿罗和德布鲁(Arrow-Debreu)将其吸收进瓦尔拉斯均衡的框架中,成为处理不确定性决策问题的分析范式,成为经济学分析的基础,从而建立了现代经济学统一的分析范式。这个范式也成为现代金融学分析理性人决策的基础。基于以上思路所发展起来的资本资产定价理论(CAPM)、套利定价理论(APT)和期权定价理论(OPT)等一系列经典理论,并且承袭了经济学的“理性范式”研究思路,它们基本遵循以下假定:(1)证券投资者是理性的,按照最大效用原则进行个体的投资活动,投资者具有风险厌恶特质;(2)证券产品的价格充分反映了投资者及全体市场参与者对信息的理解与认同;(3)价格是随机漫步的、具有不可预测性,没有人能够持续获得利润。总的来说,现代金融理论是以完全理性的投资交易行为和完美无暇的市场基础为其理论假设的,有三个关键的概念性假设:理性投资者、市场有效和随机游动。理性投资者...     

证券资产定价理论的比较研究——基于现代金融理论与行为金融理论的比较

现代金融理论以投资者理性和有效市场假说为基础,应用新古典经济学的分析范式将证券资产定价转化为风险与收益的均衡关系,实现证券资产的间接定价。行为金融理论以心理学对人的决策过程的研究成果为基础．重新审视证券资产定价问题并提出相应的理论模型,但这些理论模型间缺乏内在一致的分析框架,尚未突破现代金融理论的分析范式。     

基于行为金融学对中国股市中个人投资者投资行为的分析

行为金融学突破了古典金融理论中提出的理性人假设和有效市场假设,通过对投资者的认知偏差和行为偏差的综合分析,提出了有限理性假设。中国的股票市场发展时间短,与之相匹配的市场监管和制度还不成熟,但其占绝大多数的参与者——个人投资者,他们的非理性投资行为,对中国股票市场的健康发展产生不利影响。因此,本文从个人投资者的心理因素出发,研究其投资行为模式,并针对其特点提出相应的投资建议,从而提高投资者的决策能力,以期能够降低由于投资者的非理性投资行为而对股票市场产生的影响。     

投资选择理论的新近发展综述

针对复杂的不确定性选择问题,传统主流金融学以理性假设为基础发展出了两种研究投资选择的范式:Markowitz的均值-方差模型与Von Neumann-Morgenstern的期望效用理论.但是随着时间的推移以及研究的不断深入,人们逐渐发现这两种研究范式在指导投资实践过程中存在的缺陷,于是进行了多方面的改进工作.行为金融学借鉴心理学、行为学等学科相关研究成果,弱化经济行为人理性的假设,金融学者从投资者的实际心理和行为出发,尝试构建新的模型来解释金融异象,推进了对于投资者投资选择的理论与经验研究.本文对投资选择理论从传统主流金融理论的研究范式以及主要改进工作直至行为金融理论的各种努力进行了梳理,展现了投资选择理论的发展脉络与前景.     

资本资产定价模型的扩展及其参数确定

在马柯维茨开创性工作———均值-方差分析的基础上,威廉·夏普(William Sharpe)、约翰·林特纳(John Lintner)和简·莫辛(Jan Mossin)研究了在竞争均衡市场中金融资产的价格形成,并于1965年前后分别独立提出了资本资产定价模型(CAPM)。资本资产定价模型(CAPM)是在完善的资本市场中建立的,它有许多前提性的假设条件,建立模型的基本假设有:1)投资者是价格的接受者;2)投资者是理性的;3)市场环境是无摩擦的;4)投资者都只计划持有资产一个相同的周期;5)投资者只能交易公开交易的金融工具;6)一致预期假设(也就是说,所有的投资者都以相同的…     

Cost accounting standard and cost accounting systems in Japan. Lessons from the past - recovering lost traditions

This paper aims to show two things. The first is how Japanese culture has contributed to the development of Japanese cost accounting history. The second is to reveal the research possibilities of cost accounting history. This paper also reviews the salient features of several important examples of these aspects of cost accounting practice in Japan. It therefore explores, through some practical illustrations, how and why Japanese cost accounting differs from that found in the West.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

【正】The China Journal of Accounting Research‘‘CJAR’’(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditin...     

Shared Standard Setting in the Public Interest:A Strong Model

正The last two decades have been a definitive era in the evolution of the accountancy profession.In the wake of major corporate scandals at the turn of the century,an international public debate arose on the need for more effective and well-considered regulation;this debate then reignited during the global financial and sovereign debt crises.     

HOW TO PUT TOGETHER A COMPLETE PACKAGE

正Many Institute members know they cannot rely purely on technical knowledge and business acumen to remain competitive.As soft skills are increasingly important,Jemelyn Yadao finds out how CPAs can maintain     

Bayesian Risk Management for Equity-Linked Insurance

This paper describes how to apply Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques to a regime switching model of the stock price process to generate a sample from the joint posterior distribution of the parameters of the model. The MCMC output can be used to generate a sample from the predictive distribution of losses from equity linked contracts, assuming first an actuarial approach to risk management and secondly a financial economics approach. The predictive distribution is used to show the effect of parameter uncertainty on risk management calculations. We also explore model uncertainty by assuming a GARCH model in place of the regime switching model. The results indicate that the financial economics approach to risk management is substantially more robust to parameter uncertainty and model uncertainty than the actuarial approach.     

The historical significance of the revaluation of fixed assets in Japan's state-owned railway system, 1955-6

The Government Railways of Japan (GRJ) established a fixed assets accounting system on the accruals basis after the Second World War. The revaluation of tangible fixed assets was indispensable for GRJ's introduction of depreciation in 1948. GRJ scheduled the revaluation to secure a reasonable depreciation expense, because the company had applied the replacement method to all tangible fixed assets since its foundation in 1869. At the same time, GRJ assumed the balance of the revaluation reserve account to be a means of dealing with possible future accumulated losses.     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

Effects of speculation and interest rates in a “carry trade” model of commodity prices

The paper presents and estimates a model of the prices of oil and other storable commodities, a model that can be characterized as reflecting the carry trade. It focuses on speculative factors, here defined as the trade-off between interest rates on the one hand and market participants' expectations of future price changes on the other hand. It goes beyond past research by bringing to bear new data sources: survey data to measure expectations of future changes in commodity prices and options data to measure perceptions of risk. Some evidence is found of a negative effect of interest rates on the demand for inventories and thereby on commodity prices and positive effects of expected future price gains on inventory demand and thereby on today's commodity prices.     

Optimal Dynamic Premium Control in Non-life Insurance. Maximizing Dividend Pay-outs

In this paper we consider the problem of finding optimal dynamic premium policies in non-life insurance. The reserve of a company is modeled using the classical Cramér-Lundberg model with premium rates calculated via the expected value principle. The company controls dynamically the relative safety loading with the possibility of gaining or loosing customers. It distributes dividends according to a 'barrier strategy' and the objective of the company is to find an optimal premium policy and dividend barrier maximizing the expected total, discounted pay-out of dividends. In the case of exponential claim size distributions optimal controls are found on closed form, while for general claim size distributions a numerical scheme for approximations of the optimal control is derived. Based on the idea of De Vylder going back to the 1970s, the paper also investigates the possibilities of approximating the optimal control in the general case by using the closed form solution of an approximating problem with exponential claim size distributions.     

'More a national asset than an investor's paradise': financial management and the British Motor Corporation, 1952-68

This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of financial management in the British motor industry in the 1950s and 1960s. We question whether US ownership automatically implied greater financial control and immunity from capital market pressures and discuss whether the problems BMC/BMH (British Motor Corporation/British Motor Holdings) experienced were symptomatic of the absence of financial imperatives among British management at this time. Finally we widen the agenda to place our findings on financial management into a wider literature dealing more generally with the problems of managerial control and corporate governance within the motor vehicle industry in the 1950s and 1960s.