民营企业财务杠杆与经营特征的U型关系——来自我国历年来民营上市公司的实证检验

本文以我国1990—2016年上市的1584家民营公司在2010—2016年的数据为样本,实证考察企业财务杠杆与经营特征之间的关系。文章首先统计描述了民营上市公司财务杠杆的静态总体特征和动态变化趋势;接着运用多元回归模型实证检验财务杠杆与经营特征之间的关系。检验结果显示:净资产收益率与公司规模对资产负债率的影响为负,而主营业务收入增长率、第一大股东持股比例对资产负债率的影响为正;总体上财务杠杆与各经营特征之间存在非线性关系,即呈现"U型"特征。本文最后对我国民营上市公司财务杠杆的监管与优化提出了两点对策建议。     

大股东与盈余管理程度的实证研究

大股东是公司治理的重要主体,第一大股东的性质和持股比例的不同会对盈余管理行为产生不同的约束力。本文以2003～2005年的上市公司为样本,基于分行业修正的琼斯-现金模型研究了第一大股东的性质及其持股比例与盈余管理程度相关关系。研究结果表明:国有股似乎更能控制盈余管理行为;第一大股东持股比例与盈余管理程度之间呈线非线性关系,从大体上看呈近似U型曲线结构,以40%～60%这个区间的盈余管理程度比较轻也比较稳定。     

大股东控制、市场化程度与公司现金持有水平

运用2003～2008年我国所有非金融类A股上市公司的样本数据,从大股东控制视角出发,重点关注第一大股东持股比例、实际控制人性质和公司所在地区市场化程度对于公司现金持有水平的共同作用。结果表明,第一大股东持股比例与公司现金持有量水平正相关,实际控制人为国有的比非国有的上市公司的现金持有量高;公司外部治理环境的改善,有助于减轻由第一大股东持股比例以及实际控制人性质对公司现金持有量造成的负面影响。     

安徽省民营上市公司融资结构与公司治理绩效的研究

本文以安徽省民营上市公司研究样本,用样本公司2007-2011年的面板数据对资本结构、债务结构和股权结构与公司绩效之间的关系进行研究,研究结果表明:安徽省民营上市公司第一大股东持股比例对公司绩效影响不显著,社会公众股持股比例、资产负债率以及短期借款比例与公司绩效成反比。据此提出完善安徽民营上市公司治理机制有效途径。     

安徽省民营上市公司融资结构与公司治理绩效的研究

本文以安徽省民营上市公司研究样本,用样本公司2007-2011年的面板数据对资本结构、债务结构和股权结构与公司绩效之间的关系进行研究,研究结果表明：安徽省民营上市公司第一大股东持股比例对公司绩效影响不显著,社会公众股持股比例、资产负债率以及短期借款比例与公司绩效成反比.据此提出完善安徽民营上市公司治理机制有效途径.     

公司股权结构对其被举牌的影响——基于logistic模型的实证研究

不同股权结构的上市公司是否被举牌可能存在显著差异,基于线性和非线性logistic回归模型,研究了上市公司股权结构对其被举牌的影响。研究发现:第一大股东持股比例对上市公司被举牌存在显著的非线性影响,随着第一大股东持股比例的增加,上市公司被举牌的可能性先减少后增加,总体呈现U型关系;国有股和法人股持股比例对上市公司被举牌有显著的负向影响,随着国有股和法人股持股比例的增加,上市公司被举牌的可能性下降;Z指数对上市公司被举牌有显著的正向影响,随着Z指数的增加,上市公司被举牌的可能性上升。为了防范所面临的被举牌风险,上市公司应采取维持合适的第一大股东持股比例、适当增加国有股和法人股比例、改善股权结构以保持公司市值与内在价值的动态平衡和完善上市公司治理结构等措施。     

第一大股东持股对资本结构选择的影响研究

本文调查了上海证券交易所A股非金融业上市公司（2003—2005数据）,从风险分散化的角度考察了股权结构（第一大股东持股）对资本结构（公司负债）的制度影响。作者发现,第一大股东持股对公司资产负债率均具有显示的负向影响;即使在控制了公司其他主要特征（资产规模、资产结构、盈利能力和市场价值）的影响之后,第一大股东持股对公司负债的负向效应仍然显著。这意味着,第一大股东持股越高,他们减少公司财务杠杆的动机就越强。该经验结果支持了本文风险分散化的理论预期：第一大股东具有显著的通过降低公司负债回避风险的融资倾向和管理动机。作者还观察到。作为法人（或非国有股东）的第一大股东比作为国有股东的第一大股东具有更强烈的动机降低公司债务。这一发现为风险分散化的理论解释提供了进一步的经验证据。本文的研究表明,股权集中化的公司可能会偏离最优财务决策的轨道。     

股权结构对非经营性资金占用影响的实证研究——民营上市公司与国有上市公司的比较

本文以我国证券交易所公布的存在非经营性资金占用的上市公司为样本,研究股权结构对非经营性资金占用的影响。通过理论与实证分析,得出结论:民营上市公司的资金占用现象更为普遍;通过股权制衡作用可以抑制资金占用;当第一大股东持股比例在50%以下时,持股比例越大,资金占用率越高;当第一大股东持股比例大于50%时,民营上市公司表现为协同效应,而国有上市公司表现为壕沟效应。文章在分析过程中,提出“政府主导的壕沟效应”和“控股股东代理人的壕沟效应”的存在。     

保险公司持股偏好及持股对上市公司经营业绩影响的研究——来自中国A股市场的经验证据

2015年开始,保险公司在股票二级市场的频繁举牌成为保险业界、监管机构和社会公众普遍关注的热门现象,保险公司作为大股东持股上市公司,能否提升上市公司的经营业绩？保险公司是否是优质的机构投资者？本文选取中国A股市场2006～2015年上市公司的数据,采用Tobit模型对保险公司作为前十大股东持股的上市公司的特征进行了实证研究。研究发现：寿险公司作为大股东,其持股比例与上市公司的经营业绩、公司规模、发展能力、流通股比例、第一大股东持股比例、股票回报率显著正相关,与贝塔系数负相关;财险公司作为大股东,其持股比例与上市公司的经营业绩、公司规模、发展能力、流通股比例、股票回报率显著正相关。此外,本文进一步采用多元线性回归模型对保险公司作为大股东持股与上市公司经营业绩二者的关系进行了实证分析,结果显示：寿险公司持股可以显著提升上市公司下一期的经营业绩;财险公司持股对上市公司下一期经营业绩则无显著影响。     

投资者保护、大股东持股比例与现金持有量

以2005～2011年沪深两市A股391家上市公司为样本研究投资者保护、大股东持股比例和现金持有量的关系,研究结果表明,大股东持股比例与现金持有量间呈倒"U"型关系。进一步按照投资者保护程度的高低对样本进行分组,研究发现,当大股东持股比例小于48%时,投资者保护程度高的组,大股东持股比例和现金持有量呈显著正相关关系;当大股东持股比例大于48%时,投资者保护程度高的组,大股东持股比例和现金持有量呈显著负相关关系。     

Cost accounting standard and cost accounting systems in Japan. Lessons from the past - recovering lost traditions

This paper aims to show two things. The first is how Japanese culture has contributed to the development of Japanese cost accounting history. The second is to reveal the research possibilities of cost accounting history. This paper also reviews the salient features of several important examples of these aspects of cost accounting practice in Japan. It therefore explores, through some practical illustrations, how and why Japanese cost accounting differs from that found in the West.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

【正】The China Journal of Accounting Research‘‘CJAR’’(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditin...     

Shared Standard Setting in the Public Interest:A Strong Model

正The last two decades have been a definitive era in the evolution of the accountancy profession.In the wake of major corporate scandals at the turn of the century,an international public debate arose on the need for more effective and well-considered regulation;this debate then reignited during the global financial and sovereign debt crises.     

HOW TO PUT TOGETHER A COMPLETE PACKAGE

正Many Institute members know they cannot rely purely on technical knowledge and business acumen to remain competitive.As soft skills are increasingly important,Jemelyn Yadao finds out how CPAs can maintain     

Bayesian Risk Management for Equity-Linked Insurance

This paper describes how to apply Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques to a regime switching model of the stock price process to generate a sample from the joint posterior distribution of the parameters of the model. The MCMC output can be used to generate a sample from the predictive distribution of losses from equity linked contracts, assuming first an actuarial approach to risk management and secondly a financial economics approach. The predictive distribution is used to show the effect of parameter uncertainty on risk management calculations. We also explore model uncertainty by assuming a GARCH model in place of the regime switching model. The results indicate that the financial economics approach to risk management is substantially more robust to parameter uncertainty and model uncertainty than the actuarial approach.     

The historical significance of the revaluation of fixed assets in Japan's state-owned railway system, 1955-6

The Government Railways of Japan (GRJ) established a fixed assets accounting system on the accruals basis after the Second World War. The revaluation of tangible fixed assets was indispensable for GRJ's introduction of depreciation in 1948. GRJ scheduled the revaluation to secure a reasonable depreciation expense, because the company had applied the replacement method to all tangible fixed assets since its foundation in 1869. At the same time, GRJ assumed the balance of the revaluation reserve account to be a means of dealing with possible future accumulated losses.     

Effects of speculation and interest rates in a “carry trade” model of commodity prices

The paper presents and estimates a model of the prices of oil and other storable commodities, a model that can be characterized as reflecting the carry trade. It focuses on speculative factors, here defined as the trade-off between interest rates on the one hand and market participants' expectations of future price changes on the other hand. It goes beyond past research by bringing to bear new data sources: survey data to measure expectations of future changes in commodity prices and options data to measure perceptions of risk. Some evidence is found of a negative effect of interest rates on the demand for inventories and thereby on commodity prices and positive effects of expected future price gains on inventory demand and thereby on today's commodity prices.     

Optimal Dynamic Premium Control in Non-life Insurance. Maximizing Dividend Pay-outs

In this paper we consider the problem of finding optimal dynamic premium policies in non-life insurance. The reserve of a company is modeled using the classical Cramér-Lundberg model with premium rates calculated via the expected value principle. The company controls dynamically the relative safety loading with the possibility of gaining or loosing customers. It distributes dividends according to a 'barrier strategy' and the objective of the company is to find an optimal premium policy and dividend barrier maximizing the expected total, discounted pay-out of dividends. In the case of exponential claim size distributions optimal controls are found on closed form, while for general claim size distributions a numerical scheme for approximations of the optimal control is derived. Based on the idea of De Vylder going back to the 1970s, the paper also investigates the possibilities of approximating the optimal control in the general case by using the closed form solution of an approximating problem with exponential claim size distributions.     

'More a national asset than an investor's paradise': financial management and the British Motor Corporation, 1952-68

This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of financial management in the British motor industry in the 1950s and 1960s. We question whether US ownership automatically implied greater financial control and immunity from capital market pressures and discuss whether the problems BMC/BMH (British Motor Corporation/British Motor Holdings) experienced were symptomatic of the absence of financial imperatives among British management at this time. Finally we widen the agenda to place our findings on financial management into a wider literature dealing more generally with the problems of managerial control and corporate governance within the motor vehicle industry in the 1950s and 1960s.     

Religion and stock price crash risk:Evidence from China

This paper investigates whether religious traditions influence firm-specific crash risk in China.Using a sample of A-share listed firms from 2003 to 2013,we pro...