试论我国的财务会计目标

财务会计目标是期望会计达到的目的或境界.本文分析了国际上"受托责任会计目标"和"决策有用会计目标"各自的特征和局限性,通过分析现阶段我国市场经济环境的主要特点,指出我国近期的财务会计目标应以"受托责任观"为主,兼顾"决策有用观";但随着我国资本市场的高度发展与完善,在不久的将来,"决策有用观"最终必将占据主导地位.     

资产负债观下中级财务会计教学改革探索

为了实现与国际财务报告准则的趋同的目标,我国自2007年1月1日生效的企业会计准则在制定的理念上采用了资产负债观并且以此为原则导向制定政策。会计准则是中级财务会计理论与实务的灵魂。本文从资产负债观对中级财务会计教学的作用和引入资产负债观后中级财务会计改革的具体措施探讨以资产负债观为指导,把会计准则引入中级财务会计教学实践改革。     

对我国财务会计目标定位思考

摘要：决策有用观和受托责任观是财务会计目标理论有两大观点：由于我国市场经济环境的特殊性,财务会计目标的确定受到会计环境的影响。使得对我国会计界理论的研究成为深入进行会计目标研究的重点。文章主要从财务会计目标基本理论出发,提出了我国财务会计目标的定位并分析了影响我国财务会计目标的几大因素。长期以来构建财务会计概念框架的逻辑起点是财务会计目标,一直是会计界关注和讨论的重要课题。     

我国会计目标的选择

"受托责任观"和"决策有用观"是会计理论界从会计所处的经济环境出发对会计目标进行研究得到两种不同观点.会计目标的研究应该从会计的本质出发,结合所处的经济环境来进行,会计目标具有层次性,包括基本目标和具体目标.根据会计基本目标结合我国现在所处的经济环境,我国现阶段会计的具体目标应是以受托责任观为主、决策有用观为辅,未来的发展趋势是以决策有用观为主、受托责任观为辅.     

资产负债观与收入费用观比较研究:美国的经验与启示

本文对资产负债观与收入费用观理论进行了深入的比较研究,介绍了美国会计准则发展过程中资产负债观与收入费用观取向变迁的经验历程,分析了二者具体内涵和特征的差异,进而提出在我国会计准则建设与完善过程中应当结合我国的会计环境积极向资产负债观靠拢。     

从我国当前会计环境研究会计目标定位

会计目标是会计理论研究的逻辑起点,在整个会计系统中起着导向和决定作用。会计所处的环境不同,会计目标也会有所差别。结合我国目前所处的会计环境,本文以"受托责任观"、"决策有用观"为研究起点,从而提出我们会计目标的定位。     

我国财务会计目标的定位分析

构建财务会计概念框架的逻辑前提是明确财务会计目标,这一直以来都是会计界所关注和讨论的重要问题。当前,在财务会计目标理论界一直以来有两个观点:决策有用观和受托责任观。但因为会计环境对财务会计目标的确定的影响,以及我国市场经济环境的特殊性等因素,使得如何进行会计目标的深入研究就成为我国会计界理论研究的重中之重。     

我国财务会计目标的定位分析

构建财务会计概念框架的逻辑前提是明确财务会计目标,这一直以来都是会计界所关注和讨论的重要问题.当前,在财务会计目标理论界一直以来有两个观点:决策有用观和受托责任观.但因为会计环境对财务会计目标的确定的影响,以及我国市场经济环境的特殊性等因素,使得如何进行会计目标的深入研究就成为我国会计界理论研究的重中之重.     

试论我国财务会计目标

财务会计目标是财务系统运行所期望达到的目的或境界。在我国，对会计目标的研究始于八十年代，在此之前，我国会计理论界注重对会计本质、职能、属性等问题的研究。我国对会计目标问题主要从会计的总体目标和具体目标两方面进行研究。而西方会计理论界在研究会计目标时，通常在行文中对会计目标和会计报表目标不加区分，且在许多作者或文件中所说的会计，实际上指的是财务会计，并未包括管理会计。由此可见，对中、西会计理论界关于会计目标问题的观点的比较不能望文生义，而且确定其真正所指。本文拟通过对我国关于财务会计目标的既有规范的评析，结合我国现阶段的会计环境的特点，提出我国财务会计目标的基本观点，以期对我国会计理论研究和会计实践工作有所裨益。     

从经济环境看财务会计的目标

财务会计目标定位是会计工作的重中之重,准确的财务目标定位不仅可以使企业在发展中掌握主动权,还可以节约生产成本.而财务会计目标的制定,要根据不同的经济环境进行,针对不同的外部经济环境,采取不同的财务会计目标.当前财务会计目标有两种观点,即受托责任观和决策有用观.文章通过对这两种观点的比较,结合财务会计目标的发展变化,分析财务目标变化的经济环境,对我国财务会计目标的制定有一定的参考价值.     

浅谈电算化会计内部控制

本文阐述了会计电算化实际应用中存在的现实问题及注意事项,以及会计电算化在企业会计内部控制方面的作用及意义,有利于提高企业在会计电算化应用中的实际工作效率,更好的利用会计电算化工具,进行企业内部控制加强财务管理,发挥财务的职能,更加完善企业的会计核算工作,为进一步做好企业的会计核算、财务管理起到一定的指导意义。     

A Proposal for Teaching Introductory and Intermediate Accounting in an Environment of International Financial Reporting Standards and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for Private Enterprises*

Teaching introductory and intermediate financial accounting in an environment of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) and generally accepted accounting principles for private enterprises (GAAP for PEs) is an issue facing faculty at Canadian universities and colleges. We present a number of options and then propose an approach that we believe provides a balanced treatment of accounting standards for both publicly accountable and private enterprises. This approach focuses on the concepts and principles that are common to both IFRS and GAAP for PEs. We argue that this approach encourages deep learning resulting in students’ better understanding of accounting standards and their application.     

论我国的财务会计目标

财务会计目标是财务会计理论的一个基本问题。确立我国财务会计目标的原则应包括稳定性、先进性、适用性和系统性。我国的会计目标受会计环境的影响，主要体现在资本市场的发展、通货膨胀、可持续发展战略、新技术革命和知识经济的影响上。因此，我国的财务会计目标应定位于决策有用之上，并保证相关性和可靠性的统一，这是第一层次上的目标。其次，还应确立在此基础上的多层次的具体目标。     

The role of a crisis in reshaping the role of accounting

Prior to 2001, international accounting standards (IAS) were insufficiently attractive to gain the support of US regulators. The potential role of IAS in the US gained prominence during a period of extreme financial reporting instability in 2001–2002. Emerging opinion increasingly upheld principles-based rather than rules-based accounting standards in the face of the financial reporting crisis. But to promote any active shift in the US position, an institutionally legitimate infrastructure for the international accounting standards setter had to be created. As this was taking shape, the globalisation of business activities grew with inter-organizational linkages and cross-national financial inter-dependencies and flows becoming increasingly complex. Given the extensively uncertain, uneven and constantly evolving nature of global business changes, the aptness of applying judgment in assessing financial performance and position rather than relying on the application of pre-defined rules continued to achieve wider acceptance. The argument is made in the paper that international financial reporting standards are today seen to fulfil a global risk mitigating role founded on a logic that had to first gain political and institutional legitimacy and that also had to be viewed as being responsive to perceived market imperatives.     

Effective controls for research in international accounting

Numerous studies have examined the value relevance and other characteristics of international and country-specific accounting standards. This paper evaluates the experimental designs of selected studies with respect to the controls essential for effective research. Both cross-country and within-country research designs share a common need for controls. Perhaps the most distinctive element of effective design in these studies is the control for institutional, cultural, and structural differences between countries. Previous research shows that the key outputs of various country-specific accounting standards are functions of a variety of factors including accounting-related issues, legal origin, shareholder protection, the information environment, financial markets, and enforcement of these standards. In addition, effective studies of country-specific or international accounting principles require control for firm and industry-specific effects and for self-selection bias, as in conventional within-country examinations. When controls are not sufficient, observed differences in the outputs of alternative accounting standards may result from differences between countries or firms rather than from different accounting principles. We review a sample of recent research with attention to these control considerations.     

从信贷评审角度看新会计准则对企业财务分析的影响

财政部于2006年初发布的新<企业会计准则>已成为我国会计制度的一项重大改革.新准则的发布与实施对企业会计核算做了一系列新的规定;同时,对企业财务信息的使用者,尤其是对作为债权人的银行如何在新准则下解读企业财务信息提出了新的要求.本文从新<企业会计准则>制定的背景及主要特点出发,站在银行信贷评审的角度,重点阐述了新旧准则/制度的差异,解析了其对企业财务分析产生的主要影响,并对银行信贷审查时使用和理解新<企业会计准则>做了如下建议,包括对不同企业按不同标准进行财务分析、对企业不同时期数据要加以判别、对公允价值运用的合理性加以区别等.     

Measuring Country Differences in Enforcement of Accounting Standards: An Audit and Enforcement Proxy

In this paper we present an index designed to capture differences between countries in relation to the institutional setting for financial reporting, specifically the auditing of financial statements and the enforcement of compliance with each country's accounting standards. The use of a common set of standards such as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) aims, in broad terms, to promote the comparability and transparency of financial statements and to improve the quality of financial reporting. However, the effectiveness of IFRS adoption may be hampered by differences, across countries, in the institutional setting in which financial reporting occurs. Studies of outcomes from adopting IFRS use a range of legal system proxies to capture these country differences, but the proxies are deficient in that they seldom focus explicitly on factors that affect how compliance with accounting standards is promoted through external audit and the activities of independent enforcement bodies. To address this deficiency, we calculate measures of the quality of the public company auditors’ working environment (AUDIT) and the degree of accounting enforcement activity (ENFORCE) by independent enforcement bodies. We do this for 51 countries for each of the years 2002, 2005 and 2008, using publicly available data provided by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), the World Bank and the national securities regulators. Preliminary tests suggest our indices have additional explanatory power (over more general legal proxies) for country‐level measures of economic and market activity, financial transparency and earnings management. We expect they will prove useful to researchers and other interested parties who require country‐level measures that focus on the degree of enforcement of financial reporting practices.     

信息税及其对证券市场会计信息披露问题的治理

随着我国证券市场的发展,证券市场的法定信息披露、信息披露监管、会计准则建设等信息的公共服务越来越重要,而证券市场现行较为单一的证券交易税收制度作为公共服务开支的来源很难保证这些公共服务的有效提供。开征信息税所产生的收入、支出和调节等作用会产生一定的政策效应,如提高证券市场信息披露利益相关者对虚假信息披露问题进行治理参与的积极性,提高信息披露监管、信息披露规则建设和合法信息权利保障工作的财力支持,从而有利于证券市场信息披露质量、信息监管质量的提高,有利于证券市场有效性的提高和信息披露利益相关者合法权益的维护。     

权证会计处理的国际准则及其借鉴

本文在简要介绍权证产品及其要素、种类和功能的基础上,重点围绕国际会计准则关于金融工具会计的相关规定,对权证的会计处理原则和方法进行了探讨,并就其对我国会计及信息披露发展的启示进行了分析,以期为我国权证产品的成功推出进行一些有益的探索.     

Financial Reporting for Private Companies: The Canadian Experience*

The issue of whether small and/or private companies should be allowed to use simplified accounting standards in financial reports has concerned the accounting profession for decades. It has been argued that preparing financial reports in accordance with the large volume of promulgated standards contained in generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), some of which are relatively complex, has put a significant strain on the resources of small/private business. Moreover, information produced and presented in accordance with at least some accounting standards within GAAP may not be relevant for the users of small/private companies' financial statements. In this paper we look at differential reporting in Canadian GAAP, which gives nonpublicly accountable enterprises the ability to opt out of certain CICA Handbook requirements with unanimous consent of the shareholders. We look at lobbying activity in response to the proposed differential reporting standard and at nonpublicly accountable company experience with the differential reporting opportunity in the period since the standard was promulgated.