Testing the Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis for the New Member and Candidate Countries of the European Union: Evidence from Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Tests with Structural Breaks

This paper investigates the validity of purchasing power parity (PPP) for the eleven Central and East European transition countries and three market economy countries, Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey. Unlike previous studies on PPP, this study uses Lagrange multiplier (LM) unit root tests that incorporate structural breaks in the data series. The findings indicate that in cases of one and two structural breaks, for a U.S. dollar-based real exchange rate series, there is little evidence supporting the validity of PPP. For a deutsche mark-based real exchange rate series, for the cases of both one and two breaks, there is evidence of stationarity of real exchange rates for eight sample countries, which is consistent with PPP. The results also indicate that the estimated half-life of a shock to the real exchange rate ranges from 1.25 (15.05 months) to 2.72 (32.72 months) years across countries. The empirical findings may provide direction for policy makers to coordinate monetary policies for the process of European monetary integration.     

Long-run PPP in a system context: No favorable evidence after all for the U.S., Germany, and Japan

In a cointegration analysis of PPP in five-variable system for Germany, Japan, and the U.S., Sideris [Sideris, D., 2006. Testing for long-run PPP in a system context: evidence for the U.S., Germany and Japan. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 16, 143–154] reports three cointegration vectors and concludes that they are consistent with some form of PPP for all three exchange rates. The present paper reconsiders Sideris's three-country analysis with special attention to the specification of deterministic terms in the cointegration testing. In addition, the passage of time since the Sideris paper allows the data set to be extended. The present paper also applies the Johansen approach and longer data set to traditional two-country models for the same exchange rates. In no case is any evidence in favor of PPP found.     

Purchasing power parity, unit roots, and dynamic structure

Recent studies of purchasing power parity (PPP) account for the possible presence of unit roots in nominal exchange rates and relative price indices by applying standard unit-root tests to real exchange rates, which are ratios of nominal exchange rates and relative price indices. These studies occasionally find evidence of PPP, but as a whole, the evidence is not definitive. Standard unit-root tests impose a restrictive dynamic structure between nominal exchange rates and relative price indices. I specify and estimate a generalized dynamic structure. I reject the dynamic restrictions implicit in standard unit-root tests of PPP, and find stronger evidence of PPP than do most other recent studies.     

Deviations from purchasing power parity under different exchange rate regimes: Do they revert and,if so,how?

We propose an empirical model for deviations from long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) that simultaneously accounts for three key features: (i) adjustment toward PPP may occur via nominal exchange rates and relative prices at different speeds; (ii) different exchange rate regimes may generate regime shifts in the structural dynamics of PPP deviations; (iii) nonlinear reversion toward PPP in response to shocks. This empirical framework encompasses and synthesizes much previous empirical research. Using over a century of data for the G5 countries, we provide evidence that long-run PPP holds, the relative importance of nominal exchange rates and prices in restoring PPP varies over time and across different exchange rate regimes, and reversion to PPP occurs nonlinearly, at a speed that is fairly consistent with the nominal rigidities suggested by conventional open economy models.     

人民币购买力平价成立吗?——基于人民币兑欧元的多样本协整分析

选取人民币兑非主权国家货币——欧元的名义汇率,中国CPI指数及欧元区调和HICP指数的数据,以欧元正式成为欧元区唯一合法货币的起点2002年7月到2018年12月为样本,依据影响中欧汇率的重要节点事件对样本进行分段与结合,对人民币兑欧元购买力平价(PPP)成立与否进行协整检验。实证结论有:人民币汇率形成制度改革及欧元平稳运行后的(2005年8月—2018年12月)人民币兑欧元购买力平价协整检验成立;非主权国家货币欧元同样适用经典的购买力平价理论;2008年金融危机是影响汇率市场的重要节点事件,但长期不影响人民币兑欧元购买力平价成立;对PPP冲击影响最大的首先是汇率本身,其次依次是欧元区HICP、中国CPI。因此,购买力平价在一定程度上能够解释人民币兑欧元汇率,对中欧经贸往来有一定的指导作用。     

The Roles of Nominal Exchange Rate and Relative Price Adjustments in PPP Reversion

This paper investigates the roles of the nominal exchange rate and relative prices in restoring purchasing power parity (PPP) by estimating their dynamics with a bivariate threshold vector error correction model. Our empirical results suggest a threshold cointegrating relationship between the nominal exchange rate and relative prices. However, these two variables play different roles in restoring PPP. The nominal exchange rate adjusts to restore PPP only outside the threshold band. Within the band, PPP is restored mainly through adjustments in relative prices.     

Purchasing power parity in ASEAN-5 countries: revisit with cross-sectional dependence and structural breaks

This paper re-examines the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis for a panel of ASEAN-5 countries. The panel unit root and cointegration tests, which incorporate cross-sectional dependence and multiple structural breaks, are innovatively used for testing the PPP hypothesis. We could not find evidence that supports the existence of a long-run equilibrium between the relative price ratio and the nominal exchange rate for the whole period. Nevertheless, there is evidence of a cointegrating relationship for the post-crisis period. Our finding implies that a flexible exchange rate regime is suitable for the individual ASEAN countries.     

Post Bretton Woods deviations from purchasing power parity in G7 exchange rates—an empirical exploration

Exchange rates have deviated substantially and idiosyncratically from purchasing power parity (PPP) since the breakdown of Bretton Woods. In this paper, a model incorporating both traditional PPP and financial market variables is constructed and tested on the US dollar's six G7 exchange rates during the floating rate era. Empirical tests show that the model's common set of variables—with consistent signs—can explain the divergent behavior of G7 exchange rates during 1973.2–90.2. Idiosyncracies are reflected in different subsets of the model's variables entering significantly into each exchange rate's regression; the existence of stable relationships is demonstrated by the equations' co-integration.     

Natural Exchange Rate and Its Implications for the Purchasing Power Parity Puzzle

The notion of purchasing power parity has been an important building block in the theory of nominal and real exchange rates and for many theoretic models in international economics, leading to the purchasing power parity puzzle. The central issue of the puzzle is how to reconcile volatile short-term movements of real exchange rates (defined as nominal exchange rates adjusted for differences in national price levels) with very slow convergence to the parity condition. The main emphasis of this article is to show that the slow adjustment of the natural exchange rate is responsible for the well-known slow convergence of the real exchange rate to the long-run parity condition. The novel element of this article is to identify the relative importance between the financial channel and output gap channel of the purchasing power parity puzzle. The empirical findings of this article suggest that the financial channel is a dominant factor to explain persistent deviations of the real exchange rate from its long-run level.     

The Exchange Rate in the Presence of Transaction Costs: Implications for Tests of Purchasing Power Parity

With transaction costs for trading goods, the nominal exchange rate moves within a band around the nominal purchasing power parity (PPP) value. We model the behavior of the band and of the exchange rate within the band. The model explains why there are below-unity slope coefficients in regression tests of PPP, and why these increase toward unity under hyperinflation or with low-frequency data. Our results are independent of the presence of nontraded goods in the economy.