试论保险法上之告知义务

基于诚实信用原则,保险法特别规定投保人的如实告知义务。目前,保险法实务中投保人不履行如实告知义务的问题较为严重,针对这一问题,文章从保险的最大诚信原则入手,告知义务的性质、告知义务的主体与违反告知义务的法律后果等方面的探讨,以促进我国保险法的健全和完善。     

保险法如实告知义务的司法裁量

如实告知义务制度是保险法的基本制度之一。虽然修改后的《保险法》对如实告知义务进行了完善,但仍无法详尽,如实告知义务实践和理论中的许多争议都必须依靠法院的自由裁量来解决。在投保人告知事项范围、告知义务主体、违反如实告知义务的法律后果等争议比较集中的典型问题上,应将理论与保险商事实践相结合,进行科学的司法裁量,构建和谐的保险秩序。     

保险不可争议条款各方看法不一

保险不可争议条款,又称不可抗辩条款,是指在保险合同中,投保人在订立合同时未履行如实告知义务,自保险合同成立之日起经过一定期限(称为可争议期间)后,保险人不得以投保人违反最大诚信原则为由来否定合同的有效性,解除保险合同或拒绝承担保险责任.     

最大诚信原则及其司法案例适用

“最大诚信原则”的基本含义包括缔约时保险人对格式条款的说明义务和投保人的如实告知义务等,其主要依据是保险合同当事人的信息不对称。《最高人民法院公报》（以下称《公报》）刊载的司法案例进一步明确了投保人履行告知义务的前提和范围、履行如实告知义务的时间和形式、保险人明知投保人没有依法履行如实告知义务而不拒绝的法律后果,以及保险人履行说明义务的标准及例外等,以便为人们的保险活动和法律适用提供指导。     

中英保险法中如实告知义务的比较分析

如实告知义务是近来社会热门话题，它也是诚信原则的重要内容，我国《保险法》和《海商法》中都有该义务的内涵、外延以及违反告知义务的法律后果等的相关规定。本文将结合英国的做法，就此义务作进一步的分析探讨。     

保险公司诚信度社会评价调查与思考

一、研究问题的提出 诚信即诚实、守信.保险活动的全过程均应遵循最大诚信原则.在展业(客户投保和保险公司承保)期间,保险双方应对影响对方决策的重要事实进行如实告知;在合同效力期间,客户应对影响风险增加的事实进行如实告知,保险公司应如实履行合同规定的义务:在理赔期间,客户应对出险情况进行如实告知,保险公司应如实履行合同规定的义务,尤其是不得以各种借口拒绝赔款.     

论保险法上告知义务制度

告知义务制度是保险法中十分重要的制度。我国《保险法》第16条规定了投保人的如实告知义务,并规定了投保人违反如实告知义务的法律后果。告知义务制度的内容包括告知义务主体、告知形式、告知时间,等等。这一制度的构建有利于在处理保险行业权利义务关系时,平衡双方当事人之间的利益,解决投保人与保险人之间的冲突。本文详细介绍了保险法上告知义务制度的内容及相关制度,希望该制度在我国的构建与完善,以促进我国保险业的健康发展。     

论保险法的最大诚信原则

最大诚信原则作为保险法的基本原则,占有重要地位。在保险实务的运用中,最大诚信原则主要强调保险合同当事人双方的如实告知和说明义务。尽管新修订的保险法使最大诚信原则得到了更好的体现,然而在我国因违反诚信原则而引起的保险纠纷仍屡见不鲜,这与保险法对最大诚信原则的规定不明确、不完善有着内在关系。本文就诚实信用原则在保险法中的适用进行了全面分析,并对最大诚信原则的完善等方面进行一些探讨。     

从案例看团体保险市场的问题与法律适用

本文通过对所载案例的深入分析,探讨目前我国团体保险市场存在的问题及法律适用。文中分析了团体保险业务中个险团做可能导致合同无效的法律依据、处理方法及建议,对保险经济活动中如实告知义务的履行与应用提出新的见解;同时提出,在现代保险市场呈现保险合同消费化趋势的情况下,要进一步完善保险立法,尤其是要建立诚信责任追究机制,扩大违反诚信经营原则的成本,适当引入、适用《消费者权益保护法》相关法条或理念,适用《合同法》解决保险合同纠纷,抑制市场不诚信行为,保护市场弱势一方,以维护社会公平、信用和市场稳定。     

医疗保险对儿童健康的影响

诚实信用原则是民法的基本原则。在民商合一的立法体例下,作为商事特别法的保险法,无需另行强调所谓的“最大诚信”。《中华人民共和国保险法》（以下简称《保险法》）第十六条、第十七条设置了投保人的如实告知义务、被保险人的提示和说明义务两项规则,有利于诚实信用原则的具体化。上述规则在理解与适用中,却存在着道德倡导与法律规范、实质正义与安定秩序、弱势群体保护与保险公司利益三方面的冲突。保险法上诚实信用原则的边界,主要是保险消费者与保险公司的利益平衡问题。基于特定时期价值判断的考量,本文提出如下观点：一是不可抗辩条款的涵盖范围,应涵盖财产保险,但不适用于团体保险;二是在违反如实告知义务的后果上,应将保险人的解除权限定为“足以影响决定是否同意承保”之情形,并排除保险人基于“欺诈”、“重大误解”而主张的撤销权;三是关于提示和说明义务,应要求保险人承担较为严格的举证责任。     

Die vorvertragliche Anzeigepflicht: Empfehlungen für ein europäisches Versicherungsvertragsrecht

In all European legal systems, the pre-contractual duty of disclosure is the most fundamental duty of the insured. Therefore, it is also the focal point of the debate about the harmonization of insurance contract law in Europe. As this discussion has recently gained momentum, this contribution provides a comparative overview of the rules regulating the duty of disclosure in different European countries and submits recommendations for its design in a European insurance contract law. More specifically, it is recommended that the insured should be required to disclose any fact material to the risk, that is either known to him or that he can be assumed to know. In case of breach, the insurer should either be entitled to repudiate the contract ab initio, to cancel the contract for the future or to claim damages depending on whether and to what degree the insured is at fault and depending on whether there is a causal connection between the non-disclosed fact and the formation of the contract or the occurrence of the insured event.     

Konvergenz des Versicherungsvertragsrechts in Europa?

Insurance law has been embedded in an international context ever since. This is true not only for marine insurance and reinsurance but also for manifold other branches of the insurance sector. Against this background, the European Single Market and the intended legal harmonisation and integration are particularly important for insurance contract law. The future development of insurance law should give special attention to the question if and to what extent there is a convergence in the respective member state insurance contract laws. At the outset, the comparative analysis shows that French and German insurance contract law is governed by a “risk bearing community model” (Gefahrengemeinschaftsmodell) and that English law can be characterized as an “individual contract model” (Individualvertragsmodell). Convergence is not only found in European directives but also in reforms and reform proposals in member state law.     

比较法视域下公司董事赔偿责任保险立法问题研究——基于日本第二次《公司法》修改的比较考察

D&O保险的立法问题是我国司法实践中一个亟需澄清的问题,同时亦是保险法学界关注较多的基础理论问题。本文通过考察D&O保险合同在公司治理中的价值,细致分析在2019年日本第二次《公司法》修改之际学界对D&O保险规则立法与否的争论及立法演进历程,并对增设D&O保险合同规定的初衷以及在决定该保险合同内容时的决策程序进行系统阐释。研究发现,增设D&O保险合同规定、明确公司有权全额负担保险费用,有助于提高管理层的风险承担水平和管理效率,进而促进企业创新。在探讨我国《公司法》是否应当构建D&O保险规则这一问题时,应注意到公司法上的补偿制度是D&O保险存在的前提。就D&O保险合同内容的信息披露问题,一方面,为防止公司费用无限地用于提升填补限额,可采披露D&O合同信息的手段;另一方面,就具体的信息披露事项,不可盲目“照搬”美国做法。     

Vom Beruf unserer Zeit zur nationalen Gesetzgebung

There is a broad consensus with regard to the necessity of reforming the german insurance contract law. Considerations about the necessary changes should include the globalisation of markets in a unified Europe, as well as methodical and other developments of the law in the recent past. Until recently, the international transfer of services was discussed rather theoretically and had less practical relevance. This has changed since the use of the internet has increased dramatically. Therefore, an explicit regulation in the law with regard to the applicable law and jurisdiction for insurance contracts with an international context is required.Alongside these changes, a reform of the insurance contract law code will have to include the development of the jurisdiction of German courts especially with regard to consumer protection clauses. The extent of this reform depends on the interpretation of the concept of a ?mature and responsible consumer“. Regarding jumbo risks, the question remains whether complete contractual autonomy should apply. With respect to the control of general terms and conditions by the courts, a more detailed regulation of dispositive clauses in the insurance contract law might be considered which one could revest to on in case of nullity of such conditions.There are many specific regulations that are susceptible to changes and amelioration. Every change needs to find a balance between the need to guarantee the autonomy of the contracting parties and the protection of the consumers / insured. For instance, a general right of the insured to withdraw from a contractual obligation would be inconsistent with essential principles of contract law.Lastly, certain branches of the insurance industry, which are not specifically addressed in the law, such as professional incapacity insurance, should be regulated in the future.     

Insurance law and incomplete contracts

We analyze how insurance law can mitigate moral hazard by allowing insurers to reduce or cancel coverage in some circumstances. We consider an incomplete contract setting in which the insurer may obtain information related to the policyholder's behavior through a costly audit of the circumstances of the loss. Court decisions are based on a standard of proof such as the balance of probabilities. We show that an optimal insurance law brings efficiency gains compared to the no-audit case. We also highlight the conditions under which the burden of proof should be on the insured, provided that insurers are threatened with sanctions for bad faith.     

Does the strength of the legal systems matter for trade in insurance and financial services?

This paper investigates if the strength of the legal system impacts on the trade in insurance and financial services in the high-income OECD and developing countries. Our findings reveal a statistically significant positive correlation of rule of law and regulatory quality with the exports and imports of insurance and financial services. Our empirical findings also reveal a negative and statistically significant correlation of contract enforcement with the exports and imports of insurance and financial services. We conclude that strengthening the rule of law and contract enforcement mechanisms can facilitate higher levels of trade in insurance and financial services.     

美国寿险产品信息披露制度及其对中国的启示

本文首先介绍了美国寿险产品信息披露制度,并通过制度对比,分析了我国新型人身保险产品信息披露制度中存在的问题,最后从扩展信息披露功能、建立原则、加强管理、提升效率四个方面提出了完善我国寿险产品信息披露制度的建议。     

新型保险合同会计——问题、进展及启示

新型保险业务占比大幅增加、国际国内证券市场大幅下跌和保单持有人抱怨新型保险会计信息不透明,使得充分披露其存在的风险变得更为紧迫。本文首先回顾保险合同会计的发展历程,然后提出了新型保险会计存在的问题,接着跟踪IASB新型保险会计的最新进展,并对其作出评价,最后是我国新型保险会计发展的启示。     

Das Recht der Versicherungsvermittlung

The European single market and its legal harmonization and integration are important for the law of insurance and particularly for the process of mediation and of the intermediaries. Especially the EU Insurance Mediation Directive (IMD 1) from 2002 stated all essential principles and rules for insurance mediators. This European directive lead to a more convergent and consistent level of regulation in the whole EU. Therefore it was interesting to analyze in a comparative session on Turkish and German law if there has been any influence of the EU regulation on insurance mediation on Turkish law. The following article gives an overview both of the similarities and differences of the Turkish and the German codifications on the law of insurance intermediaries. More than one would expect the essentials are still similar in a wide range.