关系型银行与中小企业贷款的可获得性——对中小企业问卷调查的实证分析

本文利用中国中小企业贷款调查问卷数据,研究了关系型银行对中小企业贷款可获得性的影响.研究结论表明:企业在银行办理的业务种类越多,贷款的可获得性越大;当中小企业业主或主要管理人员是银行的VIP客户时,贷款的可获得性显著增加;银企关系持续时间和银企距离对贷款可获得性没有显著影响.此外,从总体上看,大银行贷款的可获得性低于小...     

德国银企关系融资的借鉴与启示

以全能银行为基础的融资模式为德国企业培育了稳定的所有权结构和控制权结构,这种银企关系型的融资模式十分有利于中小企业获得银行贷款。研究发现,银企关系融资模式对德国中小企业获得外部融资至关重要,本文概述了银企关系对中小企业贷款抵押品要求在德国的实践情况,并就我国发展银企关系融资,推进市场化银企关系发展提出了建议。     

从经济的角度来思考银行项目评估工作

在社会主义市场经济体制下,随着企业经营机制的转换和金融体制改革的进一步深化,银企关系将逐步向着纯经济关系过渡,也就是说,企业向银行申请贷款,或者银行向企业提供贷款,完全都是出于经济上的考虑。因此,银行的项目评估工作也要适应这种变化,从经济的角度去衡量项目是否适合于银行贷款。     

银企关系对中小高科技企业融资的影响——基于我国创业板上市公司的实证分析

中小高科技企业的作用日益凸显,其在促进经济创新方面起到不可替代的重要作用.在经济下行的大环境下,解决其筹资需要成为大难题.现有研究表明银企关系可以降低企业融资成本,增加企业融资总额.但现有银企关系的研究更多偏向于普通的中小企业,忽视了对这类具有明显高风险、高投入特征中小高科技企业的研究.本文以中小高科技企业与银企关系为研究对象,试图揭示银企关系对中小高科技企业银行贷款总额的影响.首先从理论上梳理了关于融资的理论如融资约束理论、信贷配给理论,同时也对银企关系按逻辑关系及发展历史作了阐述.继而剖析了中小高科技企业特点与筹资窘境,提出银企关系有助于其获得银行贷款的猜想.本文用银企关系长度、关系银行数量、企业董事会成员是否具有银行从业背景来度量银企关系,利用2009-2013年创业板数据,进行多元线性回归分析,证实银企关系中关系银行数量,高管具有银行背景能够显著增加中小高科技企业银行贷款总额,银企关系时长与中小高科技企业银行贷款总额无显著性正相关.最后,本文提出对中小高科技企业的发展建议,如适当建立与多家银行的业务关系、与银行保持长期稳定的业务合作关联、多加引入具有银行背景的人才、中小高科技企业提高自身竞争力.本文的创新体现在以下两个方面:第一,创新是社会的驱动机,中小高科技企业在未来社会发展中占据重要地位,其融资难问题亟待解决.本文选择前人没有关注过的中小高科技企业作为切入点,专注研究银企关系对于中小高科技企业的融资规模的影响,虽小而精.第二,中小高科技企业性质独特,与其他普通中小企业有所区别,前人的研究应用于它们身上是否适用,能否得到相同的结论？以现有结论为起点进行猜想,并通过实证分析来证实猜想:中小高科技企业的信息不对称是否会影响到贷款总额呢？这也是本文第二大创新之处.这也是前人没有研究过的问题,本文将通过实证分析来对此进行探讨.     

银行系基金持股、贷款融资与投资-内部现金流敏感度

本文基于股东与债权人利益冲突的视角,研究银行系基金持股对上市公司贷款融资、投资-内部现金流敏感度的影响.研究发现银行系基金持股水平与上市公司银行贷款规模、贷款期限之间具有显著正相关关系,与上市公司的投资-内部现金流敏感度显著负相关.本文的研究结论对于我国资本市场、商业银行和基金行业改革具有重要的启示与意义.     

制度环境、银企关系与企业并购支付方式

以2007~2012年上市公司的并购事件为样本,考察银企关系的不同形态对企业并购支付方式选择的影响。研究发现,具有良好银企关系的企业更倾向于采取现金并购支付方式,但是银企关系的不同形态对企业并购支付方式的选择具有不同的影响。与企业持股银行(股权式银企关系)相比,企业高管的银行背景(信任式银企关系)更倾向于采取现金支付方式。加入制度环境(货币政策以及地区金融发展水平)进一步检验后发现,在货币紧缩时期和金融发展水平低的地区,以上结论依然成立。     

关系型借贷对中小企业融资成本的影响——基于广西中小企业调查的实证研究

文章在研究关系型借贷理论的基础上,分析了中小企业的关系型借贷与融资成本之间的关系,通过构建计量经济模型实证研究了合作的银行数量、银企合作时间、企业的人情消费和银企关系的满意度等因素对中小企业融资成本的影响.研究发现：银企关系的满意度和企业销售额与贷款利率呈显著的负相关关系;银企合作时间等其他因素符合假设但并不显著.最后,从企业、银行和政府的角度,提出了降低中小企业融资成本的相关政策建议.     

欠发达地区贷款“两难”问题的调查与思考

目前，欠发达地区银行反映放款难，企业反映贷款难的呼声较高。笔在认真调查分析后认为，形成贷款“两难”的主要原因：一是金融体制改革滞后与市场经济发展不相适应的矛盾；二是产业结构不合理与信贷政策取向的矛盾；三是银行内部信贷运行责权利不对称的矛盾；四是银行贷款标准较高与企业素质较低的矛盾；五是银行增加信贷投放与防范风险的矛盾；六是企业逃废债和银行维权难的矛盾；七是政、银、企信息不对称的矛盾。为此，笔主要从解决上述七对矛盾入手，就加大金融体制改革力度，加大产业结构调整力度，正确处理支持经济发展与防范化解金融风险的关系，提高银行主动营销贷款的积极性和加强政银企协作、配合等方面提出了对策、建议。     

政府干预、法治、金融发展与国有企业银行贷款

本文分析我国各地区的政府干预、法治和金融发展对地方政府控制的国有企业的银行贷款的影响。研究结果发现,地区的法治水平和金融发展水平越高,企业获得的银行贷款越少,贷款期限越短。这个结果与法与金融文献的理论预期和实证结果相反。本文的证据表明,产生这种差异的主要原因是地方政府有很强的动机通过干预银行的信贷决策给国有企业提供贷款支持,而法治和金融发展可以减少地方政府干预给国有企业带来的贷款支持效应。我们还发现,地方政府通过干预银行的信贷决策给国有企业提供的贷款支持是低效率的。     

企业风险异质性、贷款利率与信贷违约风险——基于银行信贷微观数据

通过某股份制商业银行2010-2015年贷款数据,讨论不同风险贷款企业、贷款利率与信贷违约之间的关系.结果表明:贷款利率与贷款违约之间呈现U型关系;高风险等级企业与贷款违约之间正相关且显著;无论是高风险等级企业还是低风险等级企业与银行贷款利率之间均呈现负相关且显著,说明贷款利率的抑制现象依然存在.从参数估计值来看,低风险等级企业贷款利率要低于高风险等级企业;高风险企业与贷款利率交叉项与违约之间呈现负相关且显著,说明高风险企业通过贷款利率渠道确实可以降低信贷违约概率.     

银行业竞争、融资约束与企业创新——中国工业企业的经验证据

本文将1998-2007年中国工业企业数据、专利申请数据与银监会公布的金融许可证数据相匹配,考察银行业竞争影响企业创新的内在机制。结果发现,竞争的加剧通过缓解企业面临的融资约束,从而提升其创新能力。在弱化内生性问题和一系列稳健性检验后,上述结果仍然稳健。进一步研究发现,外部融资依赖度较高的企业,中小、民营企业,以及位于市场化水平高和法治环境好的地区的企业,银行业竞争通过缓解融资约束促进其创新的效应更加明显。此外,本文还发现股份制银行和城商行的竞争能更好地推动企业创新。因此,建立健全多层次、多元化的金融体系,能有效缓解企业创新的融资困境,激发创新活力。     

Does bank relationship matter for a firm's investment and financial constraints? The case of Taiwan

This paper investigates the effects of a bank relationship on reducing a firm's financial asymmetric information in an investment function. A bank relationship is proxied by the number of banks that a firm engages for its borrowing activities. A bank relationship is further divided into two regimes, i.e., a strong and a weak bank relationship regime, where the former is defined as one with smaller number of loan related-bank, and the latter is one with a greater number. It is expected that a strong bank relationship reduces the asymmetric information, i.e., investment cash-flow sensitivity here. Based on the examination of unique Taiwanese bank transaction data, our results show that investment is less sensitive to cash flow when a firm has a strong bank relationship. This implies that the firm holds less cash flow in hand for future investment expenditures. By contrast, when a firm has a weak bank relationship, the investment is sensitive to cash-flow. Our results are robust regardless if the bank relationship is proxied by either the loan amount or loan duration.     

Capital ratios and bank lending: A matched bank approach

This paper examines the impact of bank capital ratios on bank lending by comparing differences in loan growth to differences in capital ratios at sets of banks that are matched based on geographic area as well as size and various business characteristics. We argue that such comparisons are most effective at controlling for local loan demand and other environmental factors. For comparison we also control for local factors using MSA fixed effects. We find, based on data from 2001 to 2011, that the relationship between capital ratios and bank lending was significant during and shortly following the recent financial crisis but not at other times. We find that the relationship between capital ratios and loan growth is stronger for banks where loans are contracting than where loans are expanding. We also show that the elasticity of bank lending with respect to capital ratios is higher when capital ratios are relatively low, suggesting that the effect of capital ratio on bank lending is nonlinear. In addition, we present findings on the relationship between bank capital and lending by bank size and loan type.     

Competition and innovation: Evidence from financial services

This paper presents new evidence on the relationship between competition and innovation by extending previous literature from manufacturing to financial services. We introduce a new measure of overall innovation by estimating and enveloping annual minimum cost frontiers to create a global frontier. The distance to the global frontier constitutes each bank’s technology gap, which decreases if the bank manages to innovate. Our innovation measure enables us to derive and estimate the model of Aghion et al. (2005b) at the firm level for the US banking industry. Based on individual bank Call Report data for the period 1984–2004, consistent with theoretical and empirical work by Aghion et al., we find evidence of an inverted-U relationship between competition and innovation that is robust over several different specifications. Further evidence on major structural changes in the US banking industry indicates that banks moved beyond their optimal innovation level and that interstate banking deregulation resulted in lower bank innovation. Policy implications to financial reform and prudential regulation are discussed also.     

Distance, Lending Relationships, and Competition

We study the effect on loan conditions of geographical distance between firms, the lending bank, and all other banks in the vicinity. For our study, we employ detailed contract information from more than 15,000 bank loans to small firms comprising the entire loan portfolio of a large Belgian bank. We report the first comprehensive evidence on the occurrence of spatial price discrimination in bank lending. Loan rates decrease with the distance between the firm and the lending bank and increase with the distance between the firm and competing banks. Transportation costs cause the spatial price discrimination we observe.     

银行业竞争、创新资源配置和企业创新产出——基于中国工业企业的经验证据

本文利用城市级商业银行分支机构数据,结合中国工业企业数据和企业专利数据,实证分析银行业竞争对中国企业创新产出的影响。研究发现,竞争性的银行业市场结构显著促进了企业创新产出,对非国有企业和中小企业尤为显著。进一步地,本文基于资源配置角度,从新进入企业和在位企业双重视角探讨银行业竞争影响企业创新产出的作用途径。检验发现,银行业竞争提高条件下,更多的高效率企业进入创新部门,更多的高效率在位企业增加创新投入,且上述影响在非国有企业和中小企业中更为明显。本文检验结果显示,银行业竞争能提高银行对高效率企业的信贷支持,优化企业之间创新资源配置,并通过引导高效率非国有企业和中小企业增加创新投入而推动整体层面的创新产出。本文拓展了银行业竞争对企业创新的微观影响研究,为制定基于创新驱动的金融发展政策提供新思路。     

银行竞争提高了企业投资水平和资源配置效率吗？——基于分支机构空间分布的研究

银行贷款是我国企业融资的重要方式,在企业生产经营中发挥着举足轻重的作用。2006年和2009年,我国先后两次放松了商业银行分支机构市场准入规制,银行分支机构空间分布发生了较大变化,银行竞争水平和服务实体经济能力明显提升。本文利用2001-2012年国家统计局工业企业数据,以企业周边银行分支机构的数量衡量银行竞争水平,研究银行竞争对企业投资的影响。研究发现,银行分支机构数量的增加显著提高了企业投资水平和投资效率。进一步研究表明,银行分支机构数量增加对企业投资效率的提升作用主要表现在投资不足的企业和非国有企业中,企业融资约束降低和代理冲突减弱是银行竞争提高企业投资效率的主要原因。本研究拓展了银行竞争以及企业投资和资源配置效率的相关文献,对供给侧结构性改革和银行业高质量发展具有启示意义。     

Evidence of a bank lending channel in the UK

Using balance sheet data for a panel of UK listed firms, we find evidence of a bank lending channel of monetary transmission. A higher interest rate induces more bank lending to listed companies, but this effect diminishes if monetary policy becomes tight enough to impose severe constraints on bank loan lending. The dynamic behaviour of bank debt versus non-bank debt shows that the lending channel works through cutting back loan supplies to small, bank-dependent firms while restricting the bank’s ability to provide financial assistance to other firms. We see cross-sectional differences between bank-dependent and non-bank-dependent listed companies, and between listed and non-listed companies: Both can contribute to the size effect of investment. Small firms bear most of the reductions in bank loan supplies, and since they do not have many alternatives to bank finance, they suffer more from monetary tightening than big firms. This is consistent with inventory behavior. Furthermore, we have found that big, non-bank-dependent firms can benefit more from the bank–firm relationship than small, bank-dependent firms.     

The role of bank lenders in firm leverage adjustments

In this article we examine the impact of bank loan characteristics on firm leverage adjustments, with a special focus on the conflicts of interest between shareholders and creditors. The results show that, on average, more bank loans slow down leverage adjustments. The subsample analysis reveals that bank loans slow down leverage adjustments in underlevered firms but speed up adjustments in overlevered firms. This finding suggests that bank lenders are able to limit their risk exposure in borrowers and protect their own rights. Further evidence indicates that the effect of bank loans is more notable during the global financial crisis and when a firm is financially constrained. Bank loan concentration and maturity have a significant impact on leverage adjustments as well.     

Competition for small firm banking business: Bank actions versus market structure

This paper addresses two questions related to the ongoing consolidation of the US banking industry and its effect on small firm financing. First, are conventional measures of market structure (e.g. geographic market size and deposit concentration) related to bank competition for small firm financial business? Second, does an increase in bank competition produce an improvement in bank services irrespective of market structure? To answer these questions we use a survey of small firm owners that asks them to report on changes in bank competition for their business. Our findings show that reports of increased competition by small firm owners are negatively related to the level of and change in deposit concentration. In addition, we find a significant positive association between changes in bank competition reported by small firms and their reports of changes in banking outcomes (e.g. service quality) that is independent of deposit concentration, firm risk, and credit usage.