论优化公司治理结构下的企业会计内控制度

<正>一、我国企业优化公司治理结构与会计内控制度存在的问题(一)股权结构不合理。在我国,上市公司存在非流通股和流通股的股权分割的现象,国有上市公司总股本中,约2/3的国有股法人股不能在市场上流通,只有约1/3的流通股在市场上流通,且持有人相当分散。股权分置的格局使两类股东很难体现《公司法》规定的同股同权。控股股东"一股独大",可以决定公司的经营决策、人事安排等重大事项。     

上市公司股权分置改革之中小非流通股股东会计处理探讨

股权分置的基本含义是上市公司的全部股份由于政策限制被分为两类性质不同的股份，一类是可以在证券交易所挂牌交易的流通股，一类是只能在场外协议转让的非流通股。目前，非流通股约占上市公司总股份的三分之二。股权分置破坏了上市公司利益机制一致性的基础，导致流通股股东和非流通股股东的利益发生冲突。股权分置改革的实质是通过非流通股股东向流通股股东支付对价取得相应的流通权，从而实现所有股东股份的同质化，并以此希求股东价值取向的一体化、决策基础的一致性，在此基础上完善资本市场的功能发挥和促进上市公司的健康发展。     

关于股权分置改革之控股非流通股股东会计处理探讨

股权分置的基本含义是：上市公司的全部股份由于政策限制被分为两类性质不同的股份，一类是可以在证券交易所挂牌交易的流通股，一类是只能在场外协议转让的非流通股。目前，非流通股约占上市公司总股本的三分之二。股权分置破坏了上市公司利益机制一致性的基础，导致流通股股东和非流通股股东的利益发生冲突。     

股权分置改革试点评价:基于博弈论的分析

股权分置改革试点使上市公司非流通股股东和流通股股东围绕改革中的利益分割展开激烈的博弈。基于各自利益最大化的选择，非流通股股东将倾向提供素质一般或较差、发展前最不明朗或暗淡、股票价格对公司内在价值存在显著高估的公司进行试点；流通股股东期望同非流通股股东裁上述公司的试点博穿中获得最大的利益补偿。稳妥推进股权分置试点，需要改变市场不合理预期．积极鼓励蓝筹类上市公司先行试点。     

股权激励研究脉络梳理及其理论逻辑的演变

如何激励和约束公司管理人员,是公司治理理论研究和实践应用的核心内容。2005年之前,我国上市公司股权高度集中于非流通的国有股和法人股手中,股东与代理人之间、大股东/控股股东与中小股东之间的代理问题严重,难以形成有效的经理人员激励和约束机制。2005年股权分置改革的顺利进行,使上市公司非流通股和流通股股东的利益趋于一致,这为股权激励的开展奠定了基础。     

股权分置改革试点中上市公司估值的研究

股权分置改革的试点方案都是以非流通股股东向流通股股东支付对价,以获得非流通股的流通权.确定支付对价就需要对上市公司估值.但在采用市盈率法与市值加总法对上市公司进行估值时,市盈率、盈利能力与非流通股价值的确定都是非常值得研究的.本文认为,股权分置改革中上市公司的估值应当采用市值加总法,但公司每股非流通股的价值不应规定为必须是其净资产的价值.     

我国证券市场存在的问题及发展取向

一、我国证券市场存在的主要瓶颈问题 (一)股权分置,流通股高溢价发行 在我国,国有股、法人股等非流通股超过60%,可流通股即公众股则不足40%.国有股、法人股不能流通,限制了国有股、法人股股东股价收益权的实现,抑制了其增加股份投资的积极性,阻碍了上市公司再融资和经营发展,制约了上市公司治理优化和资本运作.     

限售股权定价的实证检验

我国上市公司的非流通股权实质为限售股权,股权分置改革改变了限售期的不确定性.通过对2004～2006年5月间326笔我国上市公司限售股权转让信息的研究发现:限售股股东向流通股股东支付对价是有理论和实证依据的,股权分置改革有利于国有资产保值增值.公司净资产、控制权收益以及公司流通股比例与限售股定价正相关.流动性约束与限售股定价负相关.受让方为非国有性质时,限售股转让相对价较低.股权转让方式、公司盈利能力等财务指标对限售股定价有一定影响.     

上市公司股权结构对融资行为的影响

我国上市公司股份分为流通股和非流通股，两者价格的巨大差异，加上非流通股股东的控股地位，导致上市公司热衷于增发和配股等再融资方式。本文认为上市公司股权结构对其融资方式的选择会产生很大影响，从非流通股东和经营者角度考虑，股权融资是必然选择。如果股权结构不进行调整，所有股东不能做到同股同价，上市公司倾向于股权融资的状况将难以改变。     

我国上市公司流通股的内在价值构成

一、上市公司流通股内在价值构成 无论是流通股还是非流通股,其对上市公司的收益权都是相同的,每当上市公司分派股利的时候,流通股和非流通股拥有相同的收益权,但流通股具有在市场上流通的权利,而非流通股虽然可以在场外进行拍卖或协议转让,但对于非流通股其流通的权利几乎可以忽略不计,流通股具有的这种流通的权利使股东可以在需要资金的时候立刻变现,也可以在股票价格高于其购买价的时候选择行使其流通权获得资本利得,流通权给流通股股东提供的种种便利使得流通权具有相应的价值,即流通权价值,所以股票的内在价值中应当有流通权价值.     

上市公司超能力派现与公司治理结构的实证研究

本文选取2003～2005年沪市和深市的1748家上市公司为样本,研究我国上市公司超能力派现与公司治理结构之间的关系.研究发现,第三大股东持股比例与超能力派现正相关,监事会规模、资产负债率和净资产收益率与超能力派现负相关.第一大股东持股比例与超能力正相关没有通过显著性检验,反映我国前几大股东可能合谋实现超能力派现.我国迫切需要优化公司治理结构争完善法制来制止超能力派现的发生.     

Large Shareholders as Monitors: Is There a Trade-Off between Liquidity and Control?

This paper analyzes the incentives of large shareholders to monitor public corporations. We investigate the hypothesis that a liquid stock market reduces large shareholders' incentives to monitor because it allows them to sell their stocks more easily. Even though this is true, a liquid market also makes it less costly to hold larger stakes and easier to purchase additional shares. We show that this fact is important if monitoring is costly: market liquidity mitigates the problem that small shareholders free ride on the effort of the large shareholder. We find that liquid stock markets are beneficial because they make corporate governance more effective.     

关联股权交易不同支付方式下的投资者收益研究——来自中国A股市场的经验证据

本文以我国A股市场2006年5月8日至2007年12月31日期间的关联股权交易公司为研究样本,按照支付方式将上市公司划分为非公开发行新股支付公司与现金支付公司,研究了是否存在大股东为了谋求自身更大利益而影响上市公司支付方式选择,从而侵蚀市场上其他投资者利益的现象。研究发现,在关联股权交易董事会决议公告之前的[-20,-2]共19天期间内,非公开发行新股支付方式下的上市公司投资者累积超额收益要远远低于现金支付方式下的相应收益,说明通过影响股价来实现自身利益的最大化成为大股东的现实选择。     

大股东股权质押与上市公司资本运作

资本运作一方面可以提高股价,另一方面可以让公司股票停牌,那么是否会成为大股东度过质押风险的方式呢？基于此,本文以2007—2018年我国A股上市公司为研究对象,考察了大股东股权质押对上市公司资本运作的影响及其作用机制。研究发现:(1)大股东股权质押比例越高,上市公司进行资本运作的可能性越大; 这一关系在质押股权面临的平仓风险越高和非国有控股的上市公司中更为显著。(2)机制检验发现,随着质押比例的提高,上市公司进行资本运作后的停牌时间越长;从股价提升的效果来看,资本运作在短期内能提高股价,缓解质押风险,但从长期来看效果并不显著。(3)上市公司进行资本运作的方式主要为股权转让、资产收购和资产剥离;其中,大股东主要利用资产收购和资产剥离增加停牌时间,利用股权转让助推股价。在控制了潜在的内生性问题影响以及各种稳健性检验下,上述结论仍然成立。     

THE LEGALITY OF THE SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS BY-LAW IN DELAWARE: PRESERVING THE MARKET FOR CORPORATE CONTROL

Just as some lawyers almost killed the takeover market with the invention of the poison pill in the 1980s, others are now about to reinvigorate it with another legal invention. The “shareholder rights bylaw,” which promises to be the next major legal battleground in the market for corporate control, aims to eliminate the current ability of target company boards of directors to block changes of control by keeping their poison pill defenses in place. The new bylaws require the poison pill (and other defensive measures) to expire automatically whenever the firm receives an allcash offer for 100% of the firm's stock at a price at least 25% above the prebid market price. The firm can keep its poison pill, but only if shareholders vote to keep it after receiving the offer. Although the legality of the share-holder rights bylaw has been challenged as an undue infringement on boards of directors' power to run companies, this article argues that their legality will be upheld for three reasons:

• ? First, shareholder rights bylaws merely reinforce the corporate manager's responsibility to manage the firm to maximize shareholder value.
• ? Second, Delaware and most other jurisdictions give shareholders the specific right to amend the bylaws of a corporation; and the shareholder rights by-law is a straightforward exercise of this explicit right granted to shareholders.
• ? Third, the adoption of shareholders rights by-law does not prevent the board of directors from advising share-holders to vote to reject a takeover bid, nor does it prevent shareholders from giving management the authority to use defensive mechanisms such as the poison pill.

As the article concludes, upholding this right of shareholders to choose whether a poison pill is used to block a takeover is critical to the vitality of the takeover market and, hence, to the preservation of the agency relationship between directors and shareholders. Upholding this right may also prove critical to Delaware's ability to maintain its predominance in the market for corporate chartering.     

社交媒体上“用嘴投票”对管理层自愿性业绩预告的影响

本文研究了投资者 “股吧”讨论这种“用嘴投票”机制能否发挥治理作用进而促进管理层进行自愿性业绩预告。用上市公司股吧中的发帖量、阅读量和评论量来衡量投资者“用嘴投票”的参与程度,研究发现投资者“用嘴投票”参与度越高,管理层进行盈余预测自愿性披露的概率越大,且更愿意及时披露业绩下滑等坏消息。进一步研究发现,投资者“用嘴投票”是通过对股价产生影响、引发监管层关注和招致媒体报道这三个渠道对管理层产生预警进而发挥治理作用。且这一治理机制在管理层受到互联网信息影响可能性越大、公司中小股东户数越多以及论坛的讨论内容越负面时更为显著。     

FMA Roundtable on New Developments in European Corporate Governance

In this discussion that took place in Helsinki last June, three European financial economists and a leading authority on U.S. corporate governance consider the relative strengths and weaknesses of the world's two main corporate financing and governance systems: the Anglo‐American market‐based system, with its dispersed share ownership, lots of takeovers, and an otherwise vigorous market for corporate control; and the relationship‐based, or “main bank,” system associated with Japan, Germany, and continental Europe generally. The distinguishing features of the relationship‐based system are large controlling shareholders, including the main banks themselves, and few takeovers or other signs of a well‐functioning corporate control market. Given the steady increase in the globalization of business and international diversification by large institutional investors, the panelists were asked to address the question: can we expect one of these two systems to prevail over time, or will both systems continue to coexist, while seeking to adopt some of the most valuable aspects of the other? The consensus was that, in Germany as well as continental Europe, corporate financing and governance practices have already begun to look much like those in the U.S. and U.K., with much less reliance on bank loans and greater use of bonds and public equity. And these financing changes have resulted in major changes in ownership structures that have seen local main banks largely supplanted by foreign institutional investors—some of whom have demanded a greater voice in how companies are run. Moreover, Finnish economist Tom Berglund may well have provided a blueprint for the dominant European governance system of the future in describing the “Nordic model” as

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股票流动性与中国企业创新策略:流水不腐还是洪水猛兽？

中国情境下股票流动性对企业创新的影响是激励机制还是压力机制占主导地位？本文基于上市公司分类专利的申请、授权、终止数据研究发现:一方面,股票流动性使企业发明专利申请显著增加,但能通过实质审查的授权增长极少,说明申请质量明显下滑;另一方面,股票流动性使创新含量较低的实用新型与外观设计授权显著增加,且这些专利拖累了企业盈利表现,法律效力提前终止的数量也明显更多,揭示企业实际上是以“策略性创新”来应对资本市场压力,加剧了“专利泡沫”问题。分样本检验发现,“重数量轻质量”的创新策略集中体现于民营、传统行业及长期机构投资者持股较少的企业。稳健性检验替换关键指标构造和模型估计方法、构造工具变量克服潜在内生性问题,前述结论仍然成立。本文启示,金融制度设计应防范资本市场压力对企业创新的“意外伤害”,更好地实现“以金融助实体、以改革促发展”的目标。     

社交媒体上“用嘴投票”对管理层自愿性业绩预告的影响

本文研究了投资者 “股吧”讨论这种“用嘴投票”机制能否发挥治理作用进而促进管理层进行自愿性业绩预告。用上市公司股吧中的发帖量、阅读量和评论量来衡量投资者“用嘴投票”的参与程度,研究发现投资者“用嘴投票”参与度越高,管理层进行盈余预测自愿性披露的概率越大,且更愿意及时披露业绩下滑等坏消息。进一步研究发现,投资者“用嘴投票”是通过对股价产生影响、引发监管层关注和招致媒体报道这三个渠道对管理层产生预警进而发挥治理作用。且这一治理机制在管理层受到互联网信息影响可能性越大、公司中小股东户数越多以及论坛的讨论内容越负面时更为显著。     

In name only: Information spillovers among Chinese firms with similar stock names during earnings announcements

We examine whether investors' attention on salient firm characteristics affects information spillovers during corporate earnings announcements. For market participants in China, the stock name is a salient feature of listed companies. We find that the market reaction of non-announcing firms to earnings reports of announcing firms is greater across firms with similar stock names. The incremental information spillovers among similarly named stocks are stronger for larger announcing firms and on days with fewer earnings announcements. The incremental information spillovers between similarly named stocks do not fully reverse in the post-announcement period, consistent with persistent investor behavior predicted by the salience theory. There are also significant return comovements among similarly named stocks. Our findings suggest that investors with limited attention are likely to focus on salient stock names and overestimate the economic connections between similarly name stocks. Our study extends the behavioral finance literature by showing how investors' attention on salient firm features can bias their reaction to unrelated peer disclosures.