公司财务管理的新视野：组织资本与人力资本

财务管理是对企业资本进行管理,基本目的是实现企业价值最大化;知识经济时代,用于创造企业价值的资源不仅限于传统的财务资源,而是所谓的"泛财务资源".与此相应,企业财务管理在内容上也就不应局限于传统的财务资金,而需要关注组织资本与人力资本等资本要素.     

我们处在资本时代，还是价值时代?

我国现阶段企业发展的主题是资本开发和投入,还是价值创造?财务学术界似乎认为是价值创造,但事实上,目前企业发展的本质要求是要素资本的开发、投入和积累。学者们热衷于价值创造的研究,主要在于知名的优秀大公司已经形成对价值创造理论的极大需求,以及学者研究价值创造问题的成本优势。从整个社会看,我国企业发展的必要条件是获得基本要素资源,上市公司的发展实践证明了这一事实。一个国家和地区在工业化、城镇化初期,经济发展的主要发动机是财务资本、人力资本和物质设备资本。     

人力资本与企业商誉的经济实质

人力资本的效用 (或称使用价值 )是其为企业所创造的价值 ,其使用成本则既包括劳动力的报酬 ,也包括其对实物资本的浪费、效率低下、机会的丧失等造成的经济损失 ,两者的差额大于市场平均值的部分称为人力资本的超额效用。由于资本与劳动在市场中力量的不对称性 ,它们之间所签定的契约是不完备契约 ,企业由此而形成对人力资本的垄断 ,进而占有其超额效用 ,这正是企业商誉的来源。商誉的形成与维护受企业内部以及外部多种因素的制约。企业的商誉每期都会发生增减变化、也会不停地被耗费 ,因此其计量与摊销的年限都应是有限的。每个企业努力提高其商誉的结果是社会劳动生产率得到提高 ,但总有一半左右的企业其商誉为负。     

智力资本与财务资本:谁对企业价值创造更有效——来自于江浙地区企业的实证研究

财务资本对于企业价值创造的作用是毋庸置疑的,而在知识经济时代,智力资本对于企业价值创造也发挥越来越重要的作用。研究以江苏、浙江等地的企业为分析样本,在智力资本三分法的基础上,通过结构化方程构建了四个嵌套模型。研究结果表明:(1)财务资本对于企业绩效具有重要意义,相对于人力资本更处于核心地位;(2)人力资本不能直接对企业绩效发挥作用,需要通过关系资本和结构资本作为中介;(3)智力资本对于企业绩效的可持续增长具有重要意义,企业要获得长期战略绩效,需要更关注于智力资本的积累与培育。     

基于广义资本的财务报告

随着经济形态从工业经济到知识经济的转变、发展观念从无限增长观到可持续增长观的转变、企业从"经济人"到"社会生态经济人"的转变,企业资本呈现出一种泛化的趋势,即从传统财务会计中的财务资本转变为了包括财务资本(债务资本、权益资本)、人力资本、组织资本、社会资本、生态资本等在内的广义资本。广义资本共同创造了企业价值,都应在企业享有相应的权益。所以,新经济时代的财务报告应为广义资本所有者提供其产权价值实现和保障情况的个性化的信息。     

上市公司并购前后绩效和财务信息价值实证研究

随着资本市场的逐渐完善,越来越多的投资者通过上市公司的财务信息来获得投资机会.本文通过超额收益模型来研究上市公司并购前后市场绩效的变化;通过上市公司财务信息与公司绩效以及公司股价相关性模型研究上市公司并购前后财务信息价值的变动.研究结果表明:关联并购上市公司在并购前绩效上升,在并购后绩效呈现下降趋势;非关联并购上市公司的绩效变化分牛市和熊市两种情况,在牛市并购前绩效下降,并购后绩效上升,而在熊市情况正好相反.在并购前后上市公司财务信息价值相关性逐年上升,关联并购不会降低上市公司的财务信息的价值相关性.     

上市公司财务披露管理框架的构建

财务信息作为一种由企业内部向企业外部传递经济讯号的重要媒介,其对社会市场特别是资本市场的影响是不言而喻的.我国上市公司财务信息质量已濒临崩溃的边缘,资本市场的信用关系受到了前所未有的挑战,这将严重阻碍我国经济健康、有序的发展,对上市公司财务信息舞弊的治理已成为现阶段刻不容缓的任务.上市公司财务信息披露框架是一个复杂的系统,对其进行深入研究对促进我国资本市场的健康有序发展,保护广大投资者的利益,完善我国上市公司内部治理结构,提高资本市场资源配置的效率的作用是显而易见的.     

上市公司财务披露管理框架的构建

财务信息作为一种由企业内部向企业外部传递经济讯号的重要媒介，其对社会市场特别是资本市场的影响是不言而喻的。我国上市公司财务信息质量已濒临崩溃的边缘，资本市场的信用关系受到了前所未有的挑战，这将严重阻碍我国经济健康、有序的发展，对上市公司财务信息舞弊的治理已成为现阶段刻不容缓的任务。上市公司财务信息披露框架是一个复杂的系统，对其进行深入研究对促进我国资本市场的健康有序发展，保护广大投资者的利益，完善我国上市公司内部治理结构，提高资本市场资源配置的效率的作用是显而易见的。     

中介机构信息有效性、投资策略与资源合理配置——以经济观察研究院“信任度指数”为例

本文研究中国证券市场民间分析机构信息的有效性、价值含量及其在证券市场资源配置中的作用。以经济观察研究院发布的“上市公司信任度指数”为研究对象,我们发现:信任度指数准确反映了公司的财务信息质量;该信息在投资决策中是有效的,利用其构建的对冲策略可以获得月平均2.7%的超额回报(年均32.4%)。我们的结果表明,如果投资者能够充分利用中介结构披露的信息,就可以从一定程度上缓解我国当前资本市场中的信息不对称问题,促进证券市场资源合理配置。     

浅议财务风险度量技术

企业财务风险是指在各项财务活动中,由于各种难以预料或控制的因素的影响、财务状况具有不确定性,从而使企业遭受损失的可能性.同时,财务风险也是企业通过运作资本取得超额增值的外部条件,没有财务风险的存在,资本的增值性将难以体现.针对损失和报酬的矛盾关系,笔者对现行财务风险度量技术的大体思路和基本框架作一些简单的探讨     

Internal capital market efficiency and the diversification discount: The role of financial statement comparability

This paper investigates how financial statement comparability affects the efficiency of internal capital markets and diversification discounts in multi‐segment firms through monitoring mechanisms. Previous studies suggest that financial statement comparability improves transparency and reduces the cost of information processing, mitigating information asymmetry between managers and shareholders. Using measures of comparability and internal capital efficiency, we find that financial statement comparability has a strong positive influence on internal capital market efficiency. Further, we find that by improving the efficiency of internal capital markets, financial statement comparability indeed mitigates diversification discounts. Especially, the effect of financial statement comparability is more pronounced for firms with high information asymmetry or operating environment volatility. The results support our arguments that financial statement comparability enhances the efficiency of internal capital markets and increases firm value in diversified firms by mitigating agency problems via monitoring and corporate control mechanisms.     

Economics as energy framework: Complexity,turbulence, financial crises,and protectionism

This paper presents a framework for thinking about economic growth, trade, and capital flows viewed as transformations of current and vintage solar energy, stored in the form of natural resources, human capital, physical capital and technology described by the laws of thermodynamics. Recent developments in nonequilibrium thermodynamics (NET) show how efficient global capital markets and high-speed communications networks accelerate energy flow and growth but also create turbulence, financial crisis, protectionism and conflict. The paper discusses the role that NET can play in helping us understand stock market bubbles and financial crises.     

Disappearing internal capital markets: Evidence from diversified business groups in Korea

This paper examines how the onset of a financial crisis affects the operation of internal capital markets among firms within a diversified business group. We find that active internal capital markets within Korean business groups (chaebols) attenuate the financial constraints of the group-affiliated firms, allowing them to make efficient capital allocations during the early 1990s. However, these markets barely function after the financial crisis of 1997. Instead, we observe public debt markets serving as a substitute for internal capital markets. Our results suggest that chaebol firms’ coordinated attempts to achieve healthier financial structures in the wake of the crisis have taken place at the expense of investment efficiency.     

Internal Capital Markets in Financial Conglomerates: Evidence from Small Bank Responses to Monetary Policy

This paper looks at internal capital markets in financial conglomerates by comparing the responses of small subsidiary and independent banks to monetary policy. I find that internal capital markets in financial conglomerates relax the credit constraints faced by smaller bank affiliates. Further analysis indicates that those markets lessen the impact of Fed policies on bank lending activity. The paper also examines the role of internal capital markets in influencing the investment allocation process of those conglomerates. My findings suggest that frictions between conglomerate headquarters and external capital markets are at the root of investment inefficiencies generated by internal capital markets.     

International Banking and Liquidity Allocation

This paper explores the comparative advantage of multinational banking over cross-border financial services in terms of capitalizing on a global access to funding sources. We argue that this advantage depends on the benefit and the cost of multinational banks’ intimacy with local markets. The benefit is that it allows multinational banks to create more liquidity. The cost is that it causes inefficiencies in internal capital markets, on which a bank relies to allocate liquidity across countries. We analyze the conditions under which multinational banking is then likely to arise and show that capital requirements have an effect as they influence the degree of inefficiency in internal capital markets for alternative organization structures differently.     

Does internal control over financial reporting really alleviate agency conflicts?

This study investigates whether internal control over financial reporting (ICFR) alleviates the managerial expropriation of corporate resources. We do this by examining the potential effects of material weaknesses in internal control on the values of corporate cash holdings and capital expenditures. Our findings suggest that ICFR facilitates the scrutiny and discipline of capital markets and thus alleviates the agency problems. Our results support the premise that high financial reporting quality impairs managers’ abilities to use corporate resources in a self‐serving manner.     

Should business groups be dismantled? The equilibrium costs of efficient internal capital markets

We analyze the relationship between conglomerates’ internal capital markets and the efficiency of economy-wide capital allocation, and we identify a novel cost of conglomeration that arises from an equilibrium framework. Because of financial market imperfections engendered by imperfect investor protection, conglomerates that engage in winner-picking (Stein, 1997 [Internal capital markets and the competition for corporate resources. Journal of Finance 52, 111–133]) find it optimal to allocate scarce capital internally to mediocre projects, even when other firms in the economy have higher-productivity projects that are in need of additional capital. This bias for internal capital allocation can decrease allocative efficiency even when conglomerates have efficient internal capital markets, because a substantial presence of conglomerates might make it harder for other firms in the economy to raise capital. We also argue that the negative externality associated with conglomeration is particularly costly for countries that are at intermediary levels of financial development. In such countries, a high degree of conglomeration, generated, for example, by the control of the corporate sector by family business groups, could decrease the efficiency of the capital market. Our theory generates novel empirical predictions that cannot be derived in models that ignore the equilibrium effects of conglomerates. These predictions are consistent with anecdotal evidence that the presence of business groups in developing countries inhibits the growth of new independent firms because of a lack of finance.     

投资者保护研究综述：财务会计信息的作用

资本市场的信息不对称不仅阻碍了资源的有效配置,而且妨碍了投资者获取投资回报。财务会计信息在投资者保护中具有重要作用,它可以减轻由于信息不对称带来的两个基本问题:信息问题和代理问题。本文提出一个扩展的框架分析财务会计信息在缓解信息不对称、促进投资者保护中的作用机制,以及公司层面、市场层面和国家层面一些重要因素对这种作用机制的影响。在此基础之上,本文综述了近期国外研究中的主要相关文献,并为未来研究提出建议。     

Capital markets research in accounting

I review empirical research on the relation between capital markets and financial statements. The principal sources of demand for capital markets research in accounting are fundamental analysis and valuation, tests of market efficiency, and the role of accounting numbers in contracts and the political process. The capital markets research topics of current interest to researchers include tests of market efficiency with respect to accounting information, fundamental analysis, and value relevance of financial reporting. Evidence from research on these topics is likely to be helpful in capital market investment decisions, accounting standard setting, and corporate financial disclosure decisions.     

When Does Information Asymmetry Affect the Cost of Capital?

This paper examines when information asymmetry among investors affects the cost of capital in excess of standard risk factors. When equity markets are perfectly competitive, information asymmetry has no separate effect on the cost of capital. When markets are imperfect, information asymmetry can have a separate effect on firms’ cost of capital. Consistent with our prediction, we find that information asymmetry has a positive relation with firms’ cost of capital in excess of standard risk factors when markets are imperfect and no relation when markets approximate perfect competition. Overall, our results show that the degree of market competition is an important conditioning variable to consider when examining the relation between information asymmetry and cost of capital.