资产负债表观与财务报告目标

资产负债表观是以资产负债表为报表重心,从资产与负债的定义出发,强调在每一会计期间确认和计量业已发生的交易和事项所引发的未来期间所得税的流入或流出对企业未来经济利益的影响。可见,资产负债表观注重资产、负债的质量,以资产、负债要素为核心进行确认和计量。资产负债表观在财务报告目标中的体现:一是为了满足主要目标,即决策有     

如何采取恰当的会计处理去解决财务报表中双重计量(历史成本与公允价值)的矛盾?

前言多数会计人员都认为财务报表是财务报告的中心(核心)地位,所以财务报表必须以过去的交易和过去的事项为基础,以可稽核的客观证据为依据,遵循会计准则并由独立的注册会计师审计。因此财务报表的信息应能发现并反映一个企业的经济真实情况。为了表示真实的事实和结果,财务报表项目期望利用历史成本计量属性。但是,当前某些资产和负债如金融资产和金融负债是按公允价值计量而不是按历史成本计量。本文着重探讨什么是一种恰当的会计处理来解决财务报表中双重计量的矛盾。     

关于公允价值会计的研究——面向财务会计的本质特征

论文从两个方面对公允价值进行了剖析。首先从经验数据层面(数据来自美国证监会挑选的50家金融机构)对公允价值应用结果进行了考察。其次,也是更重要的,又从财务会计的理论层面进行分析。公允价值计量在财务会计中是有用的,将公允价值计量与确认相结合的公允价值会计却无用,因为它是估计数字,估计数字若在资产、负债、权益(净资产)和收益中确认,这就歪曲了财务报表的数字(真实数与估计数相混合,已实现的收益与未实现的公允价值变动相混合)。历史成本信息由财务报表提供较好,而公允价值信息由报表附注、其他财务报告提供较好。     

IPSASB财务报表中资产和负债计量的进展及评析

正国际公共部门会计准则理事会(IPSASB,下文简称理事会)正在发展一套完整的概念框架,概念框架项目是按照阶段来进行的,通用目的的财务报告概念框架发展共分四个阶段:第一阶段是概念框架的作用及权威性;第二个阶段是财务报表要素和确认;第三个阶段是财务报表资产和负债的计量;第四个阶段是通用目的财务报告信息的列报。理事会于2013年发布了《公共部门主体通用目的财务报告     

会计名词解释

负债:过去的交易、事项形成的现时义务,履行该义务预期会导致经济利益流出企业。资产:过去的交易、事项形成并由企业拥有或者控制的资源,该资源预期会给企业带来经济利益。或有负债:过去的交易或事项形成的潜在义务,其存在须通过未来不确定事项的发生或不发生予以证实;或过去的交易或事项形成的现时义务,履行该义务不是很可能导致经济利益流出企业或该义务的金额不能可靠地计量。非货币性交易:指交易双方以非货币性资产交换。这种交易不涉及或只涉及少量货币性资产(即补价)。货币性资产:指持有现金及将以固定或可确定金额的货币收取的资产,…     

浅论会计信息的混淆与过滤

一、会计信息混浠的表现形式由于会计体系本身的不够完善和会计所处经济、政治环境的不断变化,使会计信息混浠问题较为普遍,表现形式也多种多样。概括起来,主要有以下四类:1.名义数值与实际数值的混淆。综观各国的会计实务,历史成本计量是会计计量的基本方式。但在通货膨胀存在的情况下,名义值与实际值(如名义收益与实际收益)就产生了混淆。除这种由于通货膨胀造成的资产与负债的名义值背离实际值以外,报表本身的表述不当也会对信息使用者产生混淆。常见的混淆是资产负债表"不纯",资产中含有"虚资产"——"递延借项",负债中含有"虚负债"——"递延贷项"。这些已不能流入或流出未来经济     

论企业财务报告的性质及其信息的基本特征

本文研究主体(企业)财务报告的性质与特征,本研究必须区别财务报表和其他财务报告(含财务报表附注),中心和核心信息是由财务报表提供的,而外围和补充信息则由其他财务报告提供。上述财务报告的两部分的性质与特征有一些差别。财务报表是以过去的交易和事项为基础,是以有力的客观而可稽核的证据来支撑,它必须遵照会计准则并经过注册会计师的审计。所有涉及编制财务报表的会计程序都是确认与计量的运用,财务报表的内容仅限于财务报表要素,因此财务报表表述实际的事实。在很大程度上,提供一家企业经济活动,确切描绘的图像。相反,其他财务报告是以报告日为基础,而不是以交易和事项为基础,它运用估计、判断和模型,在很大程度上捕捉不确定性,这些不确定性可能提供财务和其他经济信息有助于使用者作出决策。总之,这两个部分都是完全必需的。但是在财务报告中,报表是中心,其他财务报告则是补充。     

新《工会会计制度》中的资产负债观

资产负债观和收入费用观是会计核算中计量收益的两种不同的会计理论。资产负债观直接从资产和负债的角度确认与计量收益,认为收益是期初净资产和期末净资产比较的结果。在资产负债观下,会计目标侧重于将资产、负债及其变动作为最基本的计量过程。资产负债观认为当资产价值增加或是负债价值减少时会产生收益,不论收益是否实现,只要是净资产额有实质性增加,就当作收益确认。该方法以资产负债表为报表的核心,它强调经济行为的实质性。     

浅谈或有事项的会计处理

企业的或有事项可分为有利事项和不利事项,在会计处理时,应按照谨慎性原则进行处理:——对有利事项(即或有资产)不应确认;如果很可能导致未来经济利益流入企业,可以披露;否则,一般不作披露。——对不利事项(即与或有事项相关的义务)有两种处理方式,即确认为负债或者或有负债。1、如果与或有事项相关的义务同时满足以下三个条件,应确认为负债:该义务是现时义务;履行该义务很可能导致经济利益流出企业;该义务的金     

论企业财务报表的计量基础及其运用

计量是指为了在资产负债表和利润表中确认和计列有关财务报表的要素而确定其货币金额的过程。由于所有者权益的计量和收入、费用的计量取决于资产、负债的计量,所以财务报表要素的计量主要是资产和负债的计量问题。本文对资产和负债的计量基础及其运用问题进行探讨,便于在会计实务中正确地运用各种不同的计量基础,更好地满足报表使用者的需要。一、财务报表的计量基础。财务报表的计量基础通常包括历史成本、现行成本、可变现净值和现值。１历史成本：按照历史成本计量,资产按照购买时所支付的现金和现金等价物的金额,或者按照所付出…     

Why regulate private firm disclosure and auditing?

Private firms face differing financial disclosure and auditing regulations around the world. In the US and Canada, for example, private firms are generally neither required to disclose their financial results nor have their financial statements audited. By contrast, many firms with limited liability in most other countries are required to file at least some financial information publicly and are also required to have their financial statements audited. This paper discusses and analyzes the reasons for differential financial reporting regulation of private firms. We first discuss various definitions of a private firm. Next, we examine theoretical arguments for regulating the financial reporting of these firms, particularly related to public disclosure and auditing. We then provide new survey-based evidence of firms’ and standard setters’ views of regulation. We conclude by identifying future research opportunities.     

会计职能·财务报告性质·财务报告体系重构

本文针对次贷危机以来会计领域关于非历史成本会计的讨论与争论,从会计职能与会计目标的讨论切入,提出会计的核心价值仍然是维系人类社会的相互信任。在此基础上,论文提出重构多重目标的财务报告模式,其中,基本财务报表仍然以历史成本为基础,满足经济社会信任需求;其它财务报告"按需订制",满足不同使用者的差异化需求,可以采用非历史成本计量属性。     

Derivative accounting and financial reporting quality: A review of the literature

The financial crisis of 2008 increased the call for standard setters and financial regulators to review the effectiveness of derivative regulation in improving financial reporting quality. Prior literature defines financial reporting quality as the extent to which financial statements provide information that is useful to investors and creditors in their investment decisions (Schipper, 2003; Schipper & Vincent, 2003). This review summarizes the empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of derivative regulation in achieving its stated objective. Extant literature shows that although derivative regulations have improved information provided to investors, there is still room for improvement. Recommendations from this stream of literature suggest that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) require managers to provide more complete, transparent, and forward-looking disclosures surrounding their derivative positions (Campbell, 2015; Franco-Wong, 2000). This review may be useful to standard setters, practitioners, and accounting academics by providing a synthesis of extant academic literature on the effectiveness of current derivative regulation. As the FASB and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) continue to expand derivative accounting rules, this review may also be useful in identifying areas for future academic research.     

S&P 500 Membership and Managers’ Supply of Conservative Financial Reports

Our study is motivated by economic theory and the debate among practitioners, standard setters, and academics on the role of conditional conservatism in financial reporting. We find that managers provide less conditionally conservative financial reports after their firms are added to the Standard and Poor's (S&P) 500 index. S&P 500 membership is expected to reduce information asymmetry between managers and outside stakeholders due to an increased flow of public and private information. As a result, the contracting benefits of conservative accounting choices are reduced, and managers are less willing to provide conditionally conservative reports. In contrast, we find that managers provide more conditionally conservative financial reports after their firms are deleted from the index. Firms being deleted from the S&P 500 index probably incur an increase in information asymmetry. Overall, our results provide evidence consistent with conditional conservatism being a response by managers to the information needs of financial statements users.     

Is Financial Reporting Still Useful? Australian Evidence

There has been recent and growing criticism of the usefulness of financial reporting for investors, particularly the annual financial statements. In response, the IASB is pursuing several projects aimed at improving the relevance of financial information. To inform the IASB’s work, we investigate, using a mixed-method approach, the extent and nature of the use of annual financial statements by equity investors. We examine the relevance of financial reporting for equity valuation in Australia across time. We find that financial reporting (specifically, reported net income, shareholders’ equity, and operating cash flows) remains relevant for investment decisions. We further support this finding with evidence from field interviews that provide insight into how and why financial statements are used by equity investors. The field evidence also demonstrates that no one financial statement dominates in investor decision making. Given the increasing availability of more timely, forward-looking information from alternative sources, we examine the relevance of non-GAAP financial information and other non-financial information for investor decision making. We find that non-GAAP financial information (as proxied by EBIT and EBITDA) is more value relevant than statutory measures. We further find a broad range of non-financial information is utilized by investors in making investment decisions both as a ‘screen’ and for valuation purposes. Our findings inform regulators and other stakeholders as we provide evidence of the continuing relevance of financial statements and the complementary role of non-GAAP financial and other information. Our evidence provides a rebuttal to the recent criticism.     

Deferred outflows of resources and deferred inflows of resources and municipal bond borrowing cost

The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) under Concepts Statement No. 4, Elements of Financial Statements (2007a) introduced two new elements to government financial reporting: deferred outflows of resources and deferred inflows of resources. Given the large size of the municipal bond market, and the debate surrounding the GASB’s development of financial reporting requirements for these new elements, we investigate the associated changes to governments’ financial statements and the extent to which these changes may have influenced municipal borrowing costs.Our findings indicate that many governments were impacted by the introduction of the new financial statement elements, and the amounts reported as deferred outflows (inflows) of resources are negatively (positively) associated with interest costs on newly issued general obligation bonds. These findings should be informative to the GASB and users of municipal financial reports, such as bond market participants. Overall, our findings counter arguments made that the new financial statement elements would create needless complexity and confusion by suggesting a potential benefit of the financial statement changes.     

财务会计的本质、特点及其边界

为了指明财务会计的本质特点 ,我认为财务报表是财务报告的中心部分 ,而报表附注、其他财务报告等传送财务信息方法仅是次要的手段。在财务报表上确认的任何项目 ,都必须符合可定义性、可计量性、相关性与可靠性的特征。会计程序包括计量、记录和报告都必须以确认为基础。因此 ,财务报表的信息可以按真实和公允的要求来描述财务业绩和现金流量。财务会计的基本职能既不试图提供可能的未来的信息 ,又不产生非财务信息。财务会计的主要目的是通过它的报表反映一个企业经济活动及其结果的真实图像。结论 :财务会计作为一门学科是历史科学 ;作为一项实务是一个信息系统 ,它的任务是为企业提供历史的财务信息。     

Earnings Reported under IFRS Improve the Prediction of Future Cash Flows? Evidence from European Banks

This paper examines the relative costs and benefits of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption in the European Union by testing the ability of earnings computed under IFRS to predict future cash flows. The study considers the contribution of net income, comprehensive income and other comprehensive income to the usefulness of earnings to predict cash flows, and it compares IFRS with domestic Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Evidence from a sample of Continental European banks shows that IFRS improve the ability of net income to predict future cash flows. Comprehensive income, too, provides relevant information to predict future cash flows, although with a measurement error which is higher than that in net income for greater lags of time. In our interpretation, these findings are consistent with unrealised gains and losses recognised in other comprehensive income being more transitory and volatile in nature. Overall, our results are relevant to academics and standard setters debating the merits of IFRS adoption and to those who use financial statements and adopt reported earnings to form expectations about future cash flows.     

A Statement of Accounting Concepts for Level 1 of the Conceptual Framework?

The type of reporting found in corporate governance includes financial reporting, but over time various arguments have developed regarding a tension found between conventional and financial type reporting, especially as to the role of financial statements. Further tensions follow from the introduction of economic and social issues within both conventional accounting and financial reports.
This article argues that distinct, though related, frameworks at particular levels are required. The mingling of conventional accounting with financial and economic ideas and issues is evident in the conceptual framework (CF) project where there is reference to economic benefits and costs in making economic decisions for the allocation of resources. This results in a misconception of the function of these distinct types of information. An unravelling of particular issues will require a Statement of Accounting Concepts (SAC) for Level 1 of the CF.