中国的政府间转移:目标、制度和实施机制

理论分析和实践表明 ,中国在现阶段需要一个规模相对较大的政府间转移支付体系 ,应清楚地定位其政策目标并建立强有力的实施机制。     

德国的财政转移支付制度及对我国的启示

政府间的财政转移支付,即:一个国家的各级政府之间在既定的事权、支出范围和收入划分框架下财政资金相互转移,包括上级财政对下级财政的拨款,下级财政对上级政府的上解,共享税的分配以及不同地区间的财政资金转移.政府间财政转移支付制度是解决中央与地方财政纵向不平衡和地区间财政横向不平衡的矛盾、规范中央与地方财政关系的有效途径.     

浅析完善我国横向转移支付制度的方案和对策

横向财政失衡是同层级地方政府之间在收入能力和支出需求方面存在的差异,会导致地区间基本公共服务提供水平差异的存在.在深化财政改革的进程中,需要区分不同情况,综合运用一般性和专项转移支付手段,以有助于达到均等化的目标,实现经济社会的可持续发展.在分析我国政府转移支付制度现状的基础上,借鉴德国横向政府转移支付制度.就分税制体制下我国建立横向转移支付制度进行了可行性分析并提出了政策建议.     

资源型地区转型的财政转移支付法律问题研究——以山西省为例

实施区域协调发展战略、实现资源型地区转型发展离不开作为国家宏观调控、政府干预和政策指导的主要手段之一的财政转移支付法律制度的支持,但现行财政转移支付法律制度制约着资源型地区的转型发展,如缺乏高层次的财政转移支付法律制度、横向转移支付法律制度缺位、资源型地区专项转移支付法律制度供求不均衡。并以山西省为例,从法经济学的视角,采用bootstrap方法进行实证分析得到资源型地区专项转移支付结构存在项目设置脱离实际、资金分配不合理的问题,据此提出完善资源型地区转型发展的财政转移支付法律制度的建议。     

完善我国转移支付制度的对策

转移支付是一个国家政府间财政资金的相互转移，它既包括中央政府对地方政府的转移支付，也包括地方政府间的转移支付。转移支付是处理中央政府与地方政府间的财政分配关系的重要手段。我国已初步建立了转移支付制度，但由于我国仍处于体制转轨时期，财政管理体制不可避免地带有过渡性，加上配套措施不能及时出台，致使我国的转移支付制度尚不完善。     

财政转移支付的目标研究述评

一、政府间转移支付的分类 政府间财政转移支付的种类很多，大多数国家政府都是为了一定的目标而综合采用多种政府间财政转移支付的组合。     

论财政转移支付监督体系的重构

财政转移支付是以各级政府间的财政能力差别为依据,以实现各地区公共服务均等化为目标的一种财政均衡机制,它不仅是处理政府间财政关系的一种再分配形式,也是我国宏观调控的一项经济手段。财政转移支付制度坚持事权与财权的对称性、资金流动的双向性、政策实施的统一性在财政管理体制中起着重要的作用。随着我国中央政府转移支付规模的日益扩大以及支     

对口支援:一种中国式横向转移支付北大核心CSSCI

中国现阶段应用广泛、形式多样的对口支援是中国式横向转移支付,具有突出的中国特征,具体表现为内容和目的的多元性、基于中国政治体制的政治动员性和公共治理的阶段性。实践中,对口支援表现为同级政府间、降级次政府间、降多级次政府间以及纵横交织等模式,这些模式虽在分配资源的力度、速度、广度和集成度等方面存在较大差异,但各有侧重,适用不同的场景和领域。从中国实际出发,对口支援横向转移支付应定位为"纵向转移支付的有益补充"。     

浅析完善我国横向转移支付制度的方案和对策

横向财政失衡是同层级地方政府之间在收入能力和支出需求方面存在的差异,会导致地区间基本公共服务提供水平差异的存在。在深化财政改革的进程中,需要区分不同情况,综合运用一般性和专项转移支付手段,以有助于达到均等化的目标,实现经济社会的可持续发展。在分析我国政府转移支付制度现状的基础上,借鉴德国横向政府转移支付制度。就分税制体制下我国建立横向转移支付制度进行了可行性分析并提出了政策建议。     

政府转移支付制度及相关问题之探索

政府转移支付制度是公共财政一项重要的举措,政府通过转移支付制度来协调地区间的均衡,保证社会的公平.但是在我国分税改革后,政府转移支付制度存在着诸多问题,结构不合理、计算复杂、政府事权财权不明确等,因此政府转移支付制度改革刻不容缓,政府支付制度的改革更加促进制度的公平与合理.     

Policy and oversight of corporate political activities and the cost of equity capital

This paper investigates the effect of voluntary adoption and disclosure of policies/oversight of corporate political activities/spending on the cost of equity capital for S&P 500 firms over the period 2015–2018. Using the CPA-Zicklin Index to measure the level of policies, oversight, and disclosure of corporate political activities, we find that firms with a greater level of policies and oversight enjoy a lower cost of equity capital. We also document that a higher index is associated with higher stock liquidity. The negative relation is more pronounced among firms with higher exposure to political risk and firms with higher dependence on government spending. We also find that a firm’s information environment plays an important role in moderating the relation between policies and oversight of corporate political activities and the cost of equity capital. Our findings suggest that voluntary adoption and disclosure of policies and oversight mitigates risks and uncertainties related to firms’ political activities, thereby reducing information asymmetry and the cost of equity capital.     

Accrual Accounting and the Efficiency of the Core Public Sector

This paper evaluates the 'microeconomic' case for the extension of accrual accounting to the core government for the purposes of performance measurement, competitive tendering and asset management. Having found the microeconomic case to be weak, it suggests that it is the potential role of accrual accounting as an indicator of the fiscal stance of the public sector (particularly in respect to intergenerational equity) which provides a convincing rationale for its introduction in core government, and that this has significant methodological implications.     

“营改增”影响地方政府税收努力研究

基于随机前沿分析法（SFA）测算2011-2015年我国地方政府税收努力程度,并运用双重差分法考察“营改增”对地方征税行为的影响。研究发现：“营改增”将地方税（营业税）变为共享税（增值税）,显著降低了地方政府税收努力程度;改革对税收努力的冲击受经济发展水平、转移支付额度和税收返还的影响,获取转移支付收入和税收返还越多的地区税收努力下降速度越快。后“营改增”时期,如何提高税收效率,缓解地方财政收入对转移支付和债务收入的依赖性,是理顺中央和地方财税关系,完善财税收入体系的重要问题。     

Decision usefulness of whole-asset operating lease capitalizations

Monson (2001) and Hepp and Scoles (2012) argue that some leased assets should be capitalized at the assets' purchase price (whole-asset value) rather than at the present value of future minimum lease payments (right-of-use asset value). The argument is based in part on the notion that the assets under lease generate future income not the obligation related to future lease payments. To test the notion we compare associations between capitalizations representing whole asset values and current and future return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) with capitalizations representing right-of-use asset values and current and future ROA and ROE. Our results indicate that the whole-asset annuity values are incrementally associated with future ROA and ROE over right-of-use asset values. We interpret our results to suggest that the current practice of capitalizing future lease payments does not fully reflect the income generation provided by leased assets.     

我国农村土地制度的产权经济分析

近年来我国农村发生了土地制度的深刻变革,变革的核心是土地产权制度的变迁。这种制度变迁在某种程度上具有帕累托改进的性质,但在某些方面还有待于发展和完善。我国农村土地产权制度建设的思路:以现行产权制度为基础,通过修订和完善,不断发挥现行产权制度的积极作用。     

当前市场化债转股股权退出面临的问题、原因及改进建议

债转股是去杠杆的有效工具。新一轮市场化债转股自启动以来,已取得一系列显著进展,但仍面临着一些现实障碍。由于退出机制不健全,项目落地进度不及预期。目前市场化债转股实施模式更为多元化,对通过股权转让实现退出的需求开始增加,但实践中仍存在诸如退出方式的可操作性较低、股权转让周期长、债转优先股退出难度较大等问题。债转股股权退出难的主要原因,与股权回购退出的制度基础不完善、上市公司股权转让监管约束较多、新三板和区域股权交易市场发展尚不成熟、股权转让受让主体活跃度不足等有关。为进一步完善市场化债转股股权退出机制,需要进一步优化债转股股权交易场所设置,完善股权回购的配套措施,适度调整股权转让相关监管政策规定,优化债转优先股机制设计,完善债转股定价机制并规范转让行为。     

产权、决策权与农地产权制度的变革

产权决定决策权的配置,决策权的配置影响产权的经济效率。现阶段我国公有性质且事实上不明晰的农地产权制度,造成了农村集体代理人和国家(政府)的公共决策权对农民私人决策权的严重侵害,进而也影响了农业的经济效率和农业的可持续发展。为了保证农民的充分的私人决策权,必须对公共决策权进行制度性约束,而约束的根本举措就是彻底改革农地产权制度,实行农地私有化。     

The Gilt-Equity Yield Ratio and the Predictability of UK and US Equity Returns

A number of financial variables have been shown to be effective in explaining the time-series of aggregate equity returns in both the UK and the US. These include, inter alia , the equity dividend yield, the spread between the yields on long and short government bonds, and the lagged equity return. Recently, however, the ratio between the long government bond yield and the equity dividend yield – the gilt-equity yield ratio – has emerged as a variable that has considerable explanatory power for UK equity returns. This paper compares the predictive ability of the gilt-equity yield ratio with these other variables for UK and US equity returns, providing evidence on both in-sample and out-of-sample performance. For UK monthly returns, it is shown that while the dividend yield has substantial in-sample explanatory power, this is not matched by out-of sample forecast accuracy. The gilt-equity yield ratio, in contrast, performs well both in-sample and out-of-sample. Although the predictability of US monthly equity returns is much lower than for the UK, a similar result emerges, with the gilt-equity yield ratio dominating the other variables in terms of both in-sample explanatory power and out-of-sample forecast performance. The gilt-equity yield ratio is also shown to have substantial predictive ability for long horizon returns.     

The Gilt-Equity Yield Ratio and the Predictability of UK and US Equity Returns

A number of financial variables have been shown to be effective in explaining the time-series of aggregate equity returns in both the UK and the US. These include, inter alia , the equity dividend yield, the spread between the yields on long and short government bonds, and the lagged equity return. Recently, however, the ratio between the long government bond yield and the equity dividend yield – the gilt-equity yield ratio – has emerged as a variable that has considerable explanatory power for UK equity returns. This paper compares the predictive ability of the gilt-equity yield ratio with these other variables for UK and US equity returns, providing evidence on both in-sample and out-of-sample performance. For UK monthly returns, it is shown that while the dividend yield has substantial in-sample explanatory power, this is not matched by out-of sample forecast accuracy. The gilt-equity yield ratio, in contrast, performs well both in-sample and out-of-sample. Although the predictability of US monthly equity returns is much lower than for the UK, a similar result emerges, with the gilt-equity yield ratio dominating the other variables in terms of both in-sample explanatory power and out-of-sample forecast performance. The gilt-equity yield ratio is also shown to have substantial predictive ability for long horizon returns.     

税收调控房地产的正当性及其必要限度——房产税改革试点的税法原则反思

法律是秩序与正义的综合体,房产税改革试点的合法性评价,既要关注相关制度的形式结构,即形式合法性问题,也要关注相关制度的正义价值,即实质正当性问题。就正当性而言,开征房产税是要逐渐地、持续地纠正住房市场化改革以来住房分配中效率与公平的失衡,体现分配正义;就形式结构而言,房产税改革必须遵循法治原则。而高房价盛行和收入差距扩大化背景下的沪渝两市房产税改革试点被赋予了过多的社会功能,有违税收法定原则;以户籍界分征收对象与减免标准有违税收公平原则;以房产交易价格为计税依据使税收适度原则难以落实。房产税改革应当回归税收法治轨道,以确保政府恪守其调控权运行的必要限度,保护纳税人权利,防止过高税收影响社会经济发展。