美国经济刺激计划的负效应分析及启示

在经济萧条时,经济刺激计划对于避免震荡、稳定市场、恢复信心、促进增长有重要作用.但当经济止跌企稳时,经济刺激计划要适时退出,否则会带来政府财政负担加大,赤字增加,潜在通货膨胀压力加大,财政政策的挤出效应,助长道德风险和逆市场化改革等一系列负外部效应.本文以美国为例,分析了美国经济救援和经济刺激计划的负外部效应.最后,提出了对中国四万亿经济刺激计划实施的反思与启示.     

美联储退出经济刺激政策的时机、路径和工具选择

美国经济出现企稳回暖的趋势后,美联储此前为救市而投入的巨额流动性就成了随时可能引爆通货膨胀的"定时炸掸".如何选择退出的时机、路径和工具才能在确保经济持续复苏的同时稳步退出经济刺激政策,是美联储目前面临的一个难题.本文研究认为,美联储启动退出经济刺激计划的时机应在2009年底和2010年初;在退出路径的选择上将是退出量化宽松政策与回收金融领域的特别流动性并举;在退出经济刺激政策的政策工具选择上,美联储将主要采用向金融机构支付较高的超额准备金利率和通过反向回购协议来回收金融体系的流动性.     

美国经济：在回来的路上？

美国金融危机后实行的大量刺激政策都有完整的博弈计划和退出方案，而这正是我国经济刺激政策值得借鉴的。     

欧洲:过度刺激政策退隐——大约在冬季

最近一段时期以来,关于过度刺激政策是否应该终止的讨论占据了各大报刊的头条,即将于匹兹堡召开的二十国峰会(G20 Summit)的一个议题就是讨论经济刺激计划的未来,是该继续加大刺激力度呢?还是退出?法国总统萨科奇、德国总理梅克尔和英国首相布朗在提交给欧盟的一个文件中要求彻底实施经济刺激计划,同时要制定退出策略,避免造成长期失衡。     

中美经济刺激计划中货币政策工具的比较研究及其退出政策前瞻

金融危机席卷全球,中美两国均采取了相应的经济刺激计划.但由于两国社会背景、经济环境存在较大差异,因此政策实施的时间以及着力点等方面也各不相同.本文较为全面地介绍了中美两国经济刺激计划的内容,并针对货币政策工具及其传导机制进行了详细的经济学分析.在此基础上,分析了中美经济刺激计划的差异性,并对中美经济刺激计划的退出政策进行了前瞻性分析.     

发达国家的财政赤字问题

在金融危机的冲击下,西方国家实施大规模的刺激经济计划,财政赤字激增,致使未来财政政策空间缩小,通胀风险加大,债务负担加重。随着经济环境的改善,财政收入趋稳,但财政支出压力不断加大。可以预见,要解决财政赤字问题,财政刺激政策将逐渐退出,应加大医疗和社会保障制度改革以及其他改革力度,进行税收规划,鼓励居民储蓄。     

我国经济刺激计划的退出时机、路径与政策研究

为应对此次金融危机各国采取了大规模的经济刺激计划，这些刺激计划的推出需要快，而退出应缓慢进行。若危机后其退出的时机和力度不当将导致经济再次下滑。我国扩张性政策的退出，应采取财政政策先退，倾向政策“掩护”的策略。如此，有利于实现经济结构的优化调整。     

美国:经济刺激政策退出在明年

伴随着澳大利亚的加息,全球对经济刺激政策退出的关注度也骤然提升.但澳大利亚的行动仅仅是一个风向标,全球政策退出的关键还是要看美国.     

美联储紧缩政策箭在弦上

上周公布的会议纪要显示,美联储欲退出货币刺激计划,这意味着紧缩政策箭在弦上。同时,高盛集团表示,尽管近期美国公布的经济数据较为疲软,但美国经济仍然能够在2011年下半年恢复增长态势并提振美国股市和美元。     

后危机时代美联储刺激性货币政策的退出及其启示

美国次贷危机爆发后，为应对危机，美联储创新了一系列政策工具，实施了高度宽松的刺激性货币政策。随着美国金融市场趋于稳定，经济逐渐走出衰退，羡联储已开始酝酿宽松货币政策的退出战略。本文在阐述关联储采取的各项刺激性政策的基础上，对刺激政策的退出展开分析，以此为中国的刺激政策退出提供借鉴。     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.