投资者异质性与证券市场定价——理论模型与中国的经验证据

本文从投资者异质性的客观现实出发,通过对投资者二维视角的交叉分类与相关行为的探讨,提出了一种按交易特点与行为依据的新的分类方案,即将投资者分为套利交易者、价格预期交易者和量能变动交易者三类。在此基础上分别建立了各类投资者的需求函数,通过对证券市场供求函数的讨论,利用均衡分析方法构建了基于投资者异质性的证券市场定价模型,并以我国证券市场1999-2011年的月度数据为样本进行了实证分析。实证结果表明:我国证券市场价格主要由价格预期交易者的诱导性策略行为与量能变动交易者的羊群行为决定,套利交易者的套利行为对市场价格没有显著的影响,证券市场扩容也未对市场价格的形成产生系统性冲击。     

金融监管对市场质量和知情交易者的影响

本文利用一个基于代理的人工股票市场,考察了卖空禁令、涨跌幅限制、交易税和T+1结算周期对市场质量和知情交易者的影响。市场由知情交易者和不知情交易者组成,两者都可以通过遗传编程从市场股票信息中学习。通过平行测定几个市场程式化事实,将系统校准到真实的金融市场后,我们发现这四种监管都以不同程度的降低了市场波动、价格扭曲和交易...     

证券市场中的进化博弈理论

由于市场参与人情绪的突然转移可以干扰资产价格,本文利用进化博弈理论对证券市场中参与人的行为进行了分析,并根据模仿者动态模型构造了一个金融市场中相互作用的噪声交易者和基本交易者之间的两状态Markov链,模拟了市场上理性交易者与噪声交易者的动态转换过程,这也是股价能否如实反映股票的基本价值、是否产生股价波动的一个重要因素。     

证券市场中的进货博弈理论

由于市场参与人情绪的突然转移可以干扰资产价格,本文利用进化博弈理论对证券市场中参与人的行为进行了分析,并根据模仿者动态模型构造了一个金融市场中相互作用的噪声交易者和基本交易者之间的两状态Markov链,模拟了市场上理性交易者与噪声交易者的动态转换过程,这也是股价能否如实反映股票的基本价值、是否产生股价波动的一个重要因素.     

证券市场中的进货博弈理论

由于市场参与人情绪的突然转移可以干扰资产价格,本文利用进化博弈理论对证券市场中参与人的行为进行了分析,并根据模仿者动态模型构造了一个金融市场中相互作用的噪声交易者和基本交易者之间的两状态Markov链,模拟了市场上理性交易者与噪声交易者的动态转换过程,这也是股价能否如实反映股票的基本价值、是否产生股价波动的一个重要因素.     

证券市场中投资者行为的动态博弈分析

由于市场参与人情绪的突然转移可以干扰资产价格，利用进化博弈理论，对证券市场中参与人的行为进行了分析，并根据模仿者动态模型构造了一个金融市场中相互作用的噪声交易者和理性交易者之间的两状态Markov链，模拟了市场上理性交易者与噪声交易者的动态转换过程，这也是股价能否如实反映股票的基本价值、是否产生股价波动的一个重要因素。     

论金融市场的相对有效性

金融市场上各种异常现象的累积以及行为金融学的发展,引发了关于市场有效性问题的争论。本文基于噪声理论对投资者的分类,应用博弈矩阵模型对投资者的投资行为进行分析,认为理性交易者与噪声交易者可以相互转化,理性是相对的;正是由于投资者之间的理性博弈,导致市场在相对有效与相对无效之间上下波动,表现出市场的相对有效性。     

基于信息与交易的中国股票市场操纵模型分析

考虑到知情操纵者会利用正反馈交易者的交易特征进行交易操纵的现实情况,本文建立了基于信息与交易的中国股票市场操纵模型。通过分析不同交易者的交易策略,获得了各期的均衡价格与最大操纵收益。进而着重讨论了融资融券的保证金比例和交易者的理性程度等因素对最大操纵收益的影响,并运用数值模拟检验了理论结果。研究表明这些因素对最大操纵收益起到重要的调控作用,在此基础上给出政策建议以有效抑制市场操纵行为。     

基于Agent的计算实验金融学研究

近年来金融研究领域出现了一个重要的理论分支——基于Agent的计算实验金融学。它把复杂性自适应系坑（CAS）理论与计算机技术相结合，通过构建人工金融市场模型，从微观层次揭示金融市场的宏观特性。本文主要对基于Agent的计算实验金融学的理论基础，研究方法、前景与挑战等做了尝试性研究。     

市场透明度改变影响交易者行为吗？

基于中国证券市场2003年12月8日提高市场透明度这一事件，本文对市场透明度提高对交易者行为的影响进行了研究。结果发现：市场透明度提高明显改变了交易者的交易策略，主要表现为交易者整体交易指令的激进程度降低，其中交易者减少提交市价指令，增加了撤单的频率。研究还发现，市场透明度提高导致交易者提交价格增进的限价指令的比例下降，而提交小额交易指令的比例增加，同时交易者对交易环境的改变具有学习与逐步适应的能力。     

Price Clustering in the U.S. Dollar/Taiwan Dollar Swap Market

Price clustering in financial markets is pervasive. Using transaction‐level data from the world's largest financial market, this study is the first to examine price clustering behavior in the foreign exchange swap market. In addition to existing hypotheses, we investigate new determinants of price clustering including the expected return, contract liquidity, and trader's identity. The results support both negotiation and price resolution hypotheses. We find a positive effect from the level of expected return on price clustering. Markets with greater liquidity experience reduced clustering. Transactions involving domestic banks have less clustering suggesting an information advantage over foreign banks.     

The Relationships between Real Estate Price and Expected Financial Asset Risk and Return: Theory and Empirical Evidence

In pricing real estate with indifference pricing approach, market incompleteness is shown to significantly alter the conventional pricing relationships between real estate and financial asset. Specifically, we focus on the pricing implication of market comovement because comovement tends to be stronger in financial crisis when investors are especially sensitive to price declines. We find that real estate price increases with expected financial asset return but only in weak market comovement (i.e., a normal market environment) when investors enjoy diversification benefit. When market comovement is strong, real estate price strictly declines with expected financial asset return. More importantly, contrary to the conventional positive relationship from real option studies, real estate price generally declines with expected financial asset risk. With realistic market parameters, we show that there is a nonlinear relationship between real estate price and financial risk. When the market comovement is strong, real estate price only increases with financial asset risk when the risk is low but eventually declines with the risk when it becomes high. Our cross-country empirical results also show that the relationship between financial market risk and real estate price is non-monotonic, conditional on the degree of market comovement.     

资产价格波动与金融不稳定性:传导机制与政策选择

美国次贷危机之后,资产价格对经济金融稳定的影响受到广泛关注。本文首先指出,金融的不稳定性很大程度上根源于资产价格周期性的波动;然后从银行信贷、市场流动性、信息不对称以及非理性行为四个方面具体阐述了资产价格波动对金融稳定的影响机制;最后提出应对资产价格波动的政策建议,包括货币政策应该关注而非盯住资产价格、关注资产价格背后的信用扩张而非资产价格本身、监管部门应加快构建宏观审慎监管框架等。     

财务重述、管理层权力与股价崩盘风险：来自中国证券市场的经验证据

股市震荡引发投资者和监管层对股价崩盘风险的关注。从财务重述背后所反映的财务信息质量低下和公司治理失效出发,探讨其对股价崩盘风险的影响,结合管理层权力这一影响组织行为和产出能力的代理人特征,探讨其对财务重述与股价崩盘风险之间关系的影响。研究结果表明：相比未发生财务重述的公司,发生了财务重述的公司的股价崩盘风险明显更高;进一步纳入代理人特征———管理层权力后,发现代理人的这一特征对上述关系有明显的促进作用。     

Time series analysis for financial market meltdowns

There appears to be a consensus that the recent instability in global financial markets may be attributable in part to the failure of financial modeling. More specifically, it is alleged that current risk models have failed to properly assess the risks associated with large adverse stock price behavior. In this paper, we first discuss the limitations of classical time series models for forecasting financial market meltdowns. Then we set forth a framework capable of forecasting both extreme events and highly volatile markets. Based on the empirical evidence presented in this paper, our framework offers an improvement over prevailing models for evaluating stock market risk exposure during distressed market periods.     

无套利定价理论及未来研究方向

本文首先对以无套利假设作为理论基础的经典金融资产定价理论进行了梳理。然后,基于经典理论的预测结果与实际金融市场数据不能很好吻合的事实,以及行为金融学所指出的无套利定价理论的局限性,提出以一价定律作为金融资产定价的理论出发点具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Long memory in financial markets: A heterogeneous agent model perspective

During last decades, studies on asset pricing models witnessed a paradigm shift from rational expectation and representative agent to an alternative, behavioral view, where agents are heterogeneous and boundedly rational. In this paper, we model the financial market as an interaction of two types of boundedly rational investors — fundamentalists and chartists. We examine the dynamics of the market price and market behavior, which depend on investors' behavior and the interaction of the two types of investors. Numerical simulations of the corresponding stochastic model demonstrate that the model is able to replicate the stylized facts of financial time series, in particular the long-term dependence (long memory) of asset return volatilities. We further investigate the source of the long memory according to asset pricing mechanism of our model, and provide evidences of long memory by applying the modified R/S analysis. Our results demonstrate that the key parameter that has impact on the long memory is the speed of the price adjustment of the market maker at the equilibrium of demand and supply.     

流动性冲击、货币政策失误与金融危机——对美国金融危机的反思

本文认为:(1)流动性冲击主要通过资产负债表渠道和资产价格渠道来影响金融市场,正是这两种渠道才使得流动性在金融危机爆发及传导的过程中扮演了重要角色。借款人的资产负债表效应导致损失螺旋和保证金螺旋的产生,造成资产的折价销售,推动了资产价格的下跌和进一步的银根紧缩;(2)房地产泡沫的形成与美联储的货币政策失误、金融市场结构变化、新布雷顿森林体系以及投资者的羊群行为等有关,房地产泡沫破灭是美国金融危机的导火索;(3)金融危机爆发后,美联储通过调整中央银行的资产负债表,推出各种形式的金融创新工具,向金融市场注入流动性,有效地降低了金融市场崩溃的概率。论文最后从流动性管理的角度,对美国金融危机进行了反思。     

Comparative analysis on the effects of the Asian and global financial crises on precious metal markets

The global financial crisis has vigorously struck major financial markets around the world, in particular in the developed economies since they have suffered the most. However, some commodity markets, and in particular the precious metal markets, seem to be unscathed by this financial downturn. This paper investigates therefore the nature of volatility spillovers between precious metal returns over fifteen years (1995-2010 period) with the attention being focused on these markets’ behavior during the Asian and the global financial crises. Daily closing values for precious metals are analyzed. In particular, the variables under study are the US$/Troy ounce for gold, the London Free Market Platinum price in US$/Troy ounce, the London Free Market Palladium price in US$/Troy once, and the Zurich silver price in US$/kg. The main sample is divided into a number of sub periods, prior to, during and after the Asian crisis. The aim of this division is to provide a wide and deep analysis of the behavior of precious metal markets during this financial event and of how these markets have reacted during times of market instability. In addition, this paper also looks at the effects of the global financial crisis from August 2007 to November 2010 using GARCH and EGARCH modeling. The main results show that there is clear evidence of volatility persistence between precious metal returns, a characteristic that is shared with financial market behavior as it has been demonstrated extensively by the existing literature in the area. In terms of volatility spillover effects, the main findings evidence volatility spillovers running in a bidirectional way during the periods; markets are not affected by the crises, with the exception of gold, that tends to generate effects in all other metal markets. However, there is little evidence in the case of the other precious metals generating any kind of influence on the gold market. On the other hand, there is little evidence of spillover effects during the two crisis episodes. Finally, the results from asymmetric spillover effects show that negative news/information have a stronger impact in these markets than positive news, again a characteristic that has been also exhibited by financial markets.     

引入国债期货合约能否发挥现货市场稳定效应?——基于中国金融周期的研究视角

我国国债期货市场能否发挥稳定现货市场功能,金融周期风险是否会改变国债期货市场对现货市场波动的影响,是投资者实施风险管理和监管部门构建市场稳定机制的重要依据。本文通过信息传递机制和交易者行为两个维度探析国债期货市场发挥稳定功能的微观机理,分析金融周期风险对衍生工具稳定功能的影响,解析引入国债期货合约能否缓解金融周期波动对国债市场冲击,同时关注我国国债期货交易机制改进与现券波动关系。研究发现:(1)我国国债期货市场已实现抑制现货市场波动的功能,金融周期风险会引发现货价格波动,国债期货市场能够降低金融周期的波动冲击;(2)改善现货市场深度和套保交易是国债期货市场发挥稳定功能的微观路径,国债期货市场增进国债预期交易量流动性、减弱非预期交易量干扰,金融周期低波动区间套保交易稳定作用受到抑制;(3)国债期货投机交易和波动溢出效应助长现货市场波动,正负期现基差对国债波动影响具有非对称特征。