民间非营利组织会计制度研究

随着我国市场经济体制的不断完善，民间非营利组织迅速发展，并成为我国市场经济体系的重要组成部分。2004年8月28日，财政部正式发布了《民间非营利组织会计制度》，并于2005年1月1日起在全国民间非营利组织范围内全面实施。该制度是我国第一部民间非营利组织会计制度，标志着我国非营利组织会计规范体系建设迈出了关键一步，填补了我国会计规范的空白。具体分析解读《民间非营利组织会计制度》涉及的基本问题与具体处理，希望我国的民间非营利组织会计制度更加规范，促进民间非营利组织的发展。     

基于营利性行为的民间非营利组织会计制度变革

我国民间非营利组织的营利性行为不仅客观存在,而且呈增长趋势,但现行《民间非营利组织会计制度》并没有对营利性行为的资金（或基金）运动过程进行会计规范,必须从会计假设、会计原则、会计要素等方面进行理论创新,并增设利润表和利润分配表,以满足政府管理、公众监督和非营利组织治理对会计信息的需求。     

对政府会计改革两个问题的看法

一、关于“第三部门”会计体系规范问题随着我国市场经济的发展,人民生活和社会需求的多样化,介于政府与企业之间的“第三部门”在我国得到迅速发展,并在社会经济生活中发挥日益重要的作用。近年来,民间非营利组织迅速发展,为了规范这些组织的会计行为,财政部经过长时间的酝酿,于2004年8月18日颁布了《民间非营利组织会计制度》并于2005年1月1日起施行。除了民间非营利组织的发展外,政府也正在积极探索国有事业单位管理体制等改革问题。这些改革必将对我国传统的预算会计体系     

美国非营利组织财务会计框架简介

在美国,非营利组织(not_for_profito rganization)是美国经济总体的重要组成部分,在美国国内税收总署登记的数量已超过120万个,就业人数占全美就业人数的10%,每年对GDP的贡献率超过7%。目前我国《民间非营利组织会计制度》已经出台并开始实施,了解美国非营利组织财务会计情况,有助于我们开阔视野,更好地认识和贯彻实施《民间非营利组织会计制度》。美国非营利组织会计规范中的主要机构及会计规范体系美国有关非营利组织财务报告和会计处理的准则制定始于20世纪50年代,目前已经形成相对完善的非营利组织会计规范体系。在近半个世纪的进程中…     

非营利组织会计核算中存在的问题与对策

我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义发展的初级阶段,在各类企业组织中,民间非营利组织近几年快速发展,数量非常大,在社会经济生活中起着重要的作用,对非营利组织会计核算体系进行改革,是我国实现可持续发展,实现社会主义的重要内容,构建具有中国特色的非营利组织的会计核算制度成为现阶段的重要课题.目前我国还未出台专门针对非营利组织的会计核算制度的相关条例,主要体现在财务信息管理不到位、会计规范不严谨等方面.因此,本文研究了现阶段国内非营利组织会计规范,分析了当前存在的问题,举例说明了部分领域中财务报表方面的不足,就对如何完善我国非营利组织的会计核算制度,规范会计核算的工作流程,建立合理的会计核算制度,提出相应的建议,仅供相关人士参考.     

民间非营利组织会计制度在实务中的运用体会

随着我国社会主义市场经济建设的不断发展和完善,我国各类民间非营利组织取得了较快的发展,在我国社会经济中正发挥着越来越重要的作用。但是,由于受到传统管理理念的影响,我国民间非营利组织的会计制度还存在一些不规范的地方,长此以往,将不利于民间非营利组织的健康持续发展。鉴于此,完善民间非营利组织的会计制度,进一步规范其会计行为,对提高非盈利组织的整体管理水平具有重要现实意义。     

我国非营利组织会计准则体系研究——基于与美国的对比分析

我国的非营利组织在促进社会公平、化解社会矛盾、推进公用事业等方面发挥了重要作用。随着市场化改革的深入,非营利组织的社会影响力不断增强,但其管理(尤其是财务管理和会计核算)方面暴露出来的问题愈来愈多,而美国关于非营利组织会计的研究相对比较成熟,其会计准则体系也比较完善和规范。本文通过对比中美两国的民间非营利组织会计准则体系,具体分析了中美非营利组织会计在会计目标、会计基本假设、会计核算基础以及财务报告等方面的异同,一方面找出我国非营利组织会计准则体系存在的问题以便今后进行完善,另一方面也加强与国外的交流,增强会计信息的可比性。     

非营利组织会计的中美比较及趋势展望

近年来,我国各类民间非营利组织快速发展,逐渐成为我国市场经济体系的重要组成部分,并在社会经济生活中发挥着重要的作用。随着我国会计改革力度的加大,非营利组织会计在会计体系、会计准则、会计方程式、会计报表等方面,较好地实现了与国际会计惯例的接轨。自2005年1月1日起开始在社会团体、基金会、民办非营利企业单位和寺院、宫观、清真寺、教堂等范围内实施的《民间非营利组织会计制度》,既充分考虑了民间非营利组织的特性和业务特点,又尽可能借鉴了国际通行的惯例。     

《民间非营利组织会计制度》发布实施

8月18日,财政部正式发布了《民间非营利组织会计制度》。该制度适用于同时符合以下特征的民间非营利组织:(1)该组织不以营利为宗旨和目的;(2)资源提供者向该组织投入资源不取得经济回报;(3)资源提供者不享有该组织的所有权。民间非营利组织包括社会团体、基金会、民办非企业单位和寺院、宫观、清真寺、教堂等。该制度将于2005年1月1日起在全国民间非营利组织范围内全面实施。这是我国会计改革进程中取得的又一项重要成果,对于提高民间非营利组织的会计规范,促进其健康发展,具有非常重要的现实意义。《民间非营利组织会计制度》发布实施@钟法…     

民间非营利组织会计若干处理规定及其意义

本文系统介绍了我国《民间非营利组织会计制度》中规范的 ,关于捐赠、政府补助、受托代理业务、文物文化资产、资产减值会计、净资产的分类与列报、收入的确认、费用的确认与列报等民间非营利组织特有或者特殊的交易或者事项的会计处理 ,阐述了这些处理出台的背景和意义。     

Monopoly versus Competition in Setting Accounting Standards

Financial accounting standards are set by organizations granted a significant degree of monopoly power by various governments. While there has been considerable debate on the merits of national (e.g., US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)) versus international (International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)) monopolies, little attention has been paid to the merits of using competing standard‐setting organizations (SSOs) for setting accounting standards. We compare the standard‐setting processes of the FASB/IASB to the processes of four technology‐oriented SSOs to assess the role of competition. We also provide a case study of monopoly and competitive standards in telephony. Both telephony and accounting yield some gains from coordination, and similar arguments are used (under the labels of comparability and consistency of accounting) in debates about granting a monopoly to their respective SSOs. Our results show that a group of volunteers competing with the government‐sanctioned monopoly of International Telecommunications Union transformed the telephone industry. Thanks to this standards competition, we enjoy free video internet calling and massive cost savings. Implications for accounting standard setting are discussed.     

Making sense of nonbusiness accounting.

The nonbusiness world of municipalities, colleges and universities, hospitals, and other nonprofit organizations follows its own rules when it comes to financial statements, and these are often confusing to anyone who is accustomed to business accounting. According to this author, it was the concept of fund accounting that divided the two worlds of business and nonbusiness accounting and led to a situation where it is almost impossible to judge the financial performance of nonbusiness entities. He shows how financial statements of the business and nonbusiness worlds can use the same standards, with a few modifications for the unique features of nonbusiness organizations.     

Accounting for promises: The impact of SFAS No. 116 on charities

SFAS No. 116, Accounting for contributions made and contributions received, issued in 1993, requires that nongovernmental organizations, both proprietary and nonprofit, recognize unconditional promises to give as current period revenue. This study examines whether charities—organizations that rely heavily upon contributions—are affected by SFAS No. 116 adoption along two dimensions: whether an accounting effect exists, and whether a subsequent economic, or behavioral impact is felt by charities reporting positive adjustments to net assets when adopting SFAS No. 116.First, this study documents the effect of SFAS No. 116 adoption on receivables, and considers whether increases in pledges that result from adoption persist in post-adoption periods. The evidence suggests that the accounting effect of SFAS No. 116—that is, the recognition of unconditional pledges—persists in the post-adoption regime.Second, the economic effect of SFAS No. 116 is considered by examining, for charities affected by adoption, whether cash contributions decline in post-adoption periods, whether fundraising increases, and whether reliance on cash contributions decreases in post-adoption periods. Results indicate that cash contributions decrease, that fundraising increases, and that reliance on cash contributions decreases for these organizations.     

NONPROFIT EMPLOYEES' MACHIAVELLIAN PROPENSITIES

Nonprofit organizations are held to high ethical standards due to their charitable missions serving the common good. Incidents of fiscal mismanagement within the nonprofit sector make it relevant to assay the ethical principles of employees. This study examines the level of Machiavellian propensities of US nonprofit employees. Results indicate Machiavellian propensities do exist in certain nonprofit employees and these employees agree with questionable behavior. Policy makers and oversight agencies may find these results useful in developing corporate governance and accountability measures for nonprofit organizations. Furthermore, board of director members may use these results to monitor employee actions and address management training.     

安然事件的反思——对安然公司会计审计问题的剖析

本文首先介绍导致能源巨擘安然公司崩塌的会计审计问题 ,在此基础上探讨安然事件对美国会计准则制定和注册会计师监管模式的影响 ,最后从会计审计和公司治理等角度总结安然事件的启示。     

会计准则国际发展的利益关系分析

本文从会计准则的经济后果出发 ,讨论了会计准则制定的政治化问题 ,并以此为基础对会计准则国际发展的利益关系进行了探讨。文章探讨了国际会计准则委员会改组后的准则立项所涉及的利益关系 ,分析了欧盟、美国和澳大利亚等国采纳国际会计准则的利益所在 ,论证了会计准则的国际发展过程的政治化程序的必然性 ,指出了建设中的国际会计准则体系将主要是发达国家利益争斗的结果。本文对我国的会计准则发展战略、分析和利用国际层面的会计信息将有所裨益。     

Managing employees in aged care: live the principles

Aged care services are a large recipient of public money in many developed countries and are primarily provided by nonprofit organizations in Australia. This paper reports on an investigation into the impacts of the psychological contract for nurses in nonprofit aged care. The results highlight the importance of nonprofit organizations fulfilling their obligations and living their principles. Aged care nurses who perceive breaches to their psychological contract are likely to de-identify from the organization.     

保险合同会计:国际动态与对策研究

保险合同会计因保险合同的特殊性而成为当代财务会计的一个难点热点问题,对其进行规范也是近年来各国家会计准则制定机构努力的目标。国际会计准则理事会(IASB)作为国际财务报告准则的制定机构,近年来为了统一全球保险合同会计实务,对保险合同相关会计问题作了大量的研究、探讨和规范工作,取得了显著进展。本文系统介绍并总结了IASB在保险合同会计项目上的研究历程、最新进展,以及目前正在研究和探索的核心会计问题,进而对完善我国保险合同相关会计准则提出了若干对策。     

The role of the paid preparer in nonprofit reporting quality

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the preparer of the Form 990 influences the Form 990 reporting quality. Currently, the Form 990 is the only widely available source of governance and financial information for nonprofit organizations. The leading rater of nonprofit organizations, Charity Navigator, relies primarily on information from the Form 990 in developing their ratings. We identify misreporting by utilizing five measures of reporting quality. We find organizations that hire an outside accounting firm to prepare the Form 990 report higher quality financial information than organizations that choose to prepare the Form 990 in house. Interestingly, the size of the accounting firm is not associated with the quality of Form 990 reporting with the exception that paid preparers who are sole proprietors are more likely to misreport. Further exploration reveals that paid preparers who file more returns are less likely to misreport indicating that specialization is associated with more accurate reporting on Form 990. Our study contributes to the literature by using multiple reporting measures to examine the impact of paid preparers on the reporting quality of 990s. Furthermore, our study is the first to consider how specialization affects the accuracy of 990 returns.