中国环境税改革问题研究

开征环境税是我国现实国情下加强环境保护和应对气候变化的重要经济手段,也是我国"十二五"期间完善税制的重要内容。本文首先对环境税的基本理论问题进行了分析,其次指出了现行环境税收制度和收费制度存在的问题。最后,在明确中国环境税制的目标框架设计的基础上,给出了开征环境税的具体选择,并分别就污染排放税和碳税进行了税制要素和相关制度的设计。     

基于“环境经济”理念的环境税制度研究

在社会主义市场经济快速发展的今天,环境问题日益显现,并已经成为影响人类生存、制约经济发展的重要因素。环境问题的产生及突显迫使人们建立"环境经济"的理念,并将该理念与现行税制的完善联系起来,最终发挥税收作为环境经济手段的调节作用。本文以河北省临海地区环境经济中存在的问题为切入点,借鉴国外开征环境税的经验,提出开征环境税的必要性,并对现有的环境税制理论加以分析形成了独具特色的环境税制理论,以期能对我国环境税体系的建立完善有所帮助。     

我国环境税改革应以“环境红利”为首要目标

本文基于国际比较视角,将欧洲国家环境税改革的经验与我国实际情况相结合,主要从现行税制结构、社会保障制度以及劳动力市场等几个方面进行了比较,认为环境税的双重红利尤其是就业红利在我国现阶段实现的可能性较小,实施环境税改革应以追求环境红利为首要目标。     

我国环境税税制模式及其立法要素设计

近些年来,虽然税收理论界和实务界对我国开征环境税的相关问题进行了很多有益探讨,并取得了不小的成果,但是对我国开征环境税的税制模式问题仍未能达成共识,这也引发了税制要素设计的分歧。本文认为,我国应采取综合独立型环境税税制模式。在此基础上,本文对该模式下的我国环境税立法要素进行分析,最后就开征环境税需注意的一些问题进行了探讨。     

发挥税收作用 推进我国的可持续发展

目前 ,资源浪费、生态破坏和环境污染等一系列环境问题给国家的可持续发展造成了严重的威胁。本文以经济学理论为基础解释了环境问题的成因 ,并揭示出环境税是解决这一问题的关键选择 ,同时 ,对于环境税制在我国的构建方面提出了一些具体的建议。     

经济全球化背景下的环境税:欧洲的实践与经验

经济全球化背景下,各国间的经济壁垒被逐渐消除,国际资本流动日趋活跃,这就要求各国政府要从超越本国经济政策的角度来决定税制,在此背景下世界标准化的税制得以推行。由于环境税也同样有着国际标准化的特征,因此减轻环境税负担的措施经常与国际竞争力的政策综合在一起考虑。如何在经济全球化的背景下保持本国产业的国际竞争力,成为政策制定者必须考虑的一个问题。丹麦、德国等欧洲国家的实践经验表明,环境税只有在超越国家层次的体系中实施时,才能发挥出其真正价值。     

环境税的OECD实践经验与启示——基于“双重红利”理论

阐述了环境税研究领域中比较盛行的"双重红利"理论,总结分析了OECD国家以"双重红利"理论为导向的环境税改革实践。依据中国国情,探讨我国在"双重红利"理论背景下建立环境税体系,以完善现有税制的限制和可行性,据此并结合OECD国家经验对我国构建环境税体系转移劳动资本税负提出建议,以促我国环境税的发展。     

环境税的OECD实践经验与启示——基于“双重红利”理论

阐述了环境税研究领域中比较盛行的"双重红利"理论,总结分析了OECD国家以"双重红利"理论为导向的环境税改革实践。依据中国国情,探讨我国在"双重红利"理论背景下建立环境税体系,以完善现有税制的限制和可行性,据此并结合OECD国家经验对我国构建环境税体系转移劳动资本税负提出建议,以促我国环境税的发展。     

建立中国环保税制之设想

从环保角度来说，理想的环境税制是将一切污染环境的行为、产品和原材料都纳入环境税的征收范围，但是考虑到可行性和可操作性，就要有所取舍，结合中国的国情，再加上国外的经验，本文提出了以保护环境为目标的近期目标和远期目标，以期建立我国规范的环境税收调控体系。     

环境税的技术创新效应——来自1995～2010年中国经验数据的实证分析

环境税是发展低碳经济、提高环境质量重要而有效的政策工具,而环境质量的提高又与清洁生产技术的进步密切相关。本文以我国1995～2010年的经验数据实证检验了环境税征收与技术创新之间的关系。结果表明,征收环境税与技术创新之间存在稳定的正相关关系,征收环境税能在一定程度上促进我国的技术创新,提升相关产业的国际竞争力,并最终实现环境目标与经济目标的双赢。     

Distributional Implications of Environmental Taxation in Denmark

Environmental taxes have been introduced in many countries. However, few countries have reached the level of environmental taxation that is seen in Denmark today. This paper analyses the individual taxes as well as the combination of all these taxes and duties related to environmental concerns, including taxes on heating, transport fuels, electricity, water, waste, plastic bags, registration of cars, annual car use and pesticides. The distributional effect of taxes is examined in relation to household income, socio‐economic class, residential location and family status. The shifting of the tax structure from high marginal income tax to consumption‐based taxes, especially environmental taxes, might have distributional impacts that have not been considered part of the tax policy. The results suggest that in Denmark taxes on petrol and registration duties for cars are progressive, whereas most other environmental taxes are regressive, especially the green taxes on water, retail containers and CO2 emissions.     

Political Sustainability and the Design of Environmental Taxes

This paper studies the issue of political support for environmental taxes. The environmental tax is determined by majority voting, given a refund rule that specifies the allocation of tax proceeds. The refund rule is chosen by a welfare-maximizing constitutional planner. We show that: (i) The equilibrium tax rate is increasing in the proportion of tax reductions based on wage incomes. (ii) If labor and capital income taxes are reduced in the same proportion, to keep the government's budget balanced, majority voting yields a rate of environmental taxation that is lower than the optimal (Pigouvian) level. (iii) To mitigate this negative bias, the government reduces wage taxes by a higher proportion than capital income taxes. (iv) The final outcome will either be the Pigouvian tax or else all reductions will be given in wage taxes. This depends on individuals' preferences for the polluting good as well as wage and capital income distributions.     

实现环境利益公平分享的环境税机理

环境利益公平分享是改革发展成果分享的一项重要内容,但是现行的制度框架无法保障环境利益的公平分享。克服环境利益分享制度不公和矫正环境利益分享制度缺乏的诸多政策工具中,从环境利益分享不公的社会根源来看,环境税无疑是保障社会主体公平分享环境利益的理想的政策工具,因为环境税具有保护环境利益且公平分配环境利益的制度效应。     

Competition in Unit vs. Ad Valorem Taxes

This paper shows that in a standard model of tax competition, the Nash equilibrium in capital taxes depends on whether these taxes are unit (as assumed in the literature) or ad valorem (as in reality). In a symmetric version of the model, general results are established: taxes and public good provision are both higher, and residents in all countries are better off, when countries compete in unit taxes, as opposed to ad valorem taxes. However, the difference in equilibrium outcomes is negligible when the number of countries is large.     

The role of the european union in environmental taxation

The paper considers the extent to which environmental taxation should be coordinated by, or assigned to, the European Union (EU) rather than its member states. An economic interpretation of the principle of subsidiarity forms the main organizing principle for the discussion. Since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, this principle has governed the boundary between the roles of member states and the Union. The paper considers the application of subsidiarity to the assignment of policy responsibility for environmental taxation between the EU and national governments, highlighting the role of both environmental and economic spillovers from uncoordinated national policy and problems of integration of environmental taxes with other areas of policy.     

The political economy of implementing environmental taxes

This paper considers the problems that countries have encountered in three areas: technical design issues, the treatment of the distributional effects of environmental taxes arising as a result of intramarginal transfers, and defining the purpose of the tax. It concludes that it would have been possible to predict and often avoid many of the reasons for failure to successfully implement ecotaxes. The paper draws on work of the OECD Joint Sessions on Taxation and the Environment in looking at strategies for the successful implementation of environmental taxes.     

Road Taxes,Road User Charges and Earmarking

The UK Road Fund was set up in 1921 and financed by earmarked taxes, but was unsuccessful as a form of road finance and abandoned in 1937. The paper examines why earmarking failed and what problems arise for replacing road taxes by hypothecated road charges. These charges would need to be regulated and could evolve into a more efficient system of road pricing. The paper claims that recent experiences with regulating capital-intensive network industries make road user charging and the commercialisation of the public highway both feasible and desirable, but that recent government proposals for local earmarked taxes are inadequate.     

对构建我国“绿色保险”制度的探讨

我国是环境事件高发国家,借鉴国外开展环境污染责任保险的做法和经验,建立我国有效的环境污染责任保险制度势在必行。本文在研究国外开展环境污染责任保险的基础上,对我国建立环境污染保险制度进行了探讨,认为应尽快依法建立强制性保险为主,任意性保险为辅的绿色保险制度;逐步扩大承保范围,适时开办新险种;科学合理地确定保险费率;开展绿色保险再保险配套立法;加大政府推进和政策支持力度。     

Export Competition and the Remission of Domestic Environmental Taxes

We consider the use of border adjustments to compensate exporters for domestic environmental taxes imposed on an intermediate good. A model of successive oligopoly is used to consider the appropriate border adjustments. In this set-up, the relative importance of the forward incidence of the environmental tax and the backward incidence of the remission play a key role. The results highlight that the simple rule employed by GATT/WTO to set the export remittance equal to the level of the environmental tax is likely to be inappropriate.JEL Code: H87, Q38     

Environmental taxation and the double dividend: A reader's guide

There has been considerable debate as to whether the revenue-neutral substitution of environmental taxes for ordinary income taxes might offer a double dividend: not only (1) improve the environment but also (2) reduce certain costs of the tax system. This paper articulates different notions of double dividend and examines the theoretical and empirical evidence for each. It also connects the double-dividend issue with principles of optimal environmental taxation in a second-best setting.A weak double-dividend claim-that returning tax revenues through cuts in distortionary taxes leads to cost savings relative to the case where revenues are returned lump sum-is easily defended on theoretical grounds and (thankfully) receives wide support from numerical simulations. The stronger versions contend that revenueneutral swaps of environmental taxes for ordinary distortionary taxes involve zero or negative gross costs. Theoretical analyses and numerical results tend to cast doubt on the strong double-dividend claim, although the theoretical case is not air-tight and the numerical evidence is mixed.