“以股抵债”解决“资金占用”问题研究

从法律角度理解,资金占用就是对上市公司财产实施的无权占有行为,或因此形成的债权债务关系.控股股东的侵占行为属于过错行为.控股股东偿还占用的上市公司资金,不论采取何种形式,都应该考虑纠正侵占过错的特殊性,并充分考虑其他投资者及债权人的合法利益.从实际状况看,控股股东滥用其控制权直接占用、或通过其他关联方占用上市公司资金的状况比较普遍,性质较严重.对于与上市公司不存在关联关系的单位或个人,与上市公司发生的交易行为基本上属于公平自愿(at an arm's len2th),较少存在占用上市公司资金之机会.因此,无论市场、监管还是学术讨论,都约定俗成地将"资金占用"的关注点指向控股股东及其关联方对上市公司的资金占用行为.     

关联交易定价与利益输送问题研究

本文以2004-2008年上市公司153起关联固定资产交易为样本,以资产评估中经调整的超额溢价比率作为控股股东对上市公司剥削程度的度量,实证研究了控股股东对上市公司的剥削行为以及关联交易背后的利益输送关系。研究发现:控股股东通过非公允关联交易对上市公司剥削的程度与第一大股东持股比例的关系是倒U型的,与上市公司偿债能力之间存在着显著的正向关系,与上市公司当前经营业绩之间存在较弱的U型关系。上述证据表明控股股东通过制定关联交易价格来进行他们所期望的利益输送。     

控股股东所有权结构与关联方担保

本文以我国A股上市公司1998年到2003年的关联方担保数据为研究对象,检验了不同股权结构下上市公司关联方担保发生的概率及其对公司价值的影响。本文的结果显示,随着上市公司控股股东持股比例的增加,上市公司为关联方担保发生的概率呈现出先显著上升、其后不显著、最后显著下降的交化趋势。此外,我们还进一步发现为关联方担保对上市公司自身价值的影响显著为负,且这种负相关关系在控股股东持股比例偏低时显著加强,而在控股股东持股比例处于高位时显著降低。这些研究发现意味着监管关联方担保行为的重点应更多侧重于控股股东持股水平较低的上市公司。     

“监督管理层”还是“约束大股东”？基金持股对中国上市公司价值的影响

本文采用2009-2017年中国非金融类上市公司的数据实证检验了基金持股对公司价值的影响,并对两条影响途径(监督管理层和抑制控股股东侵占)做了分析。结果表明:(1)基金持股比例增加显著提升了上市公司价值,且这种促进作用随着控股股东持股比例的上升而增强,同时这种效应只在非国有企业中表现显著,在国有企业中则不显著;(2)按投资策略分类发现,除主动型和被动型基金外,准指数基金持股也可以提升公司价值;(3)在控制了基金数量后,基金持股比例对公司价值的影响显著降低。以上结果表明,与发达国家基金持股主要通过监督管理层来提升公司价值的传导途径不同,我国基金持股对上市公司的积极影响主要体现为对控股股东侵占行为的约束。     

上市公司控股股东特征与盈余质量关系的实证研究

本文在阐述控股股东特征与盈余质量相关理论的基础上,以我国A股制造业上市公司2011年度数据为研究对象,运用多元回归分析法对我国上市公司控股股东特征与盈余质量的关系进行分析。实证结果显示:控股股东的身份构成、控股股东的持股比例、控股股东担任总经理或董事长与盈余质量呈负相关关系,其他股东的制衡能力、独立董事占董事会的比例与盈余质量呈正相关关系。     

控股股东控制、负债融资与企业投资

使用我国上市公司2000～2005年间非平衡面板数据,本文检验了控股股东控制下负债融资对企业投资的影响。研究表明：企业负债与投资规模显著负相关,但负债对国有控股公司投资水平抑制作用较弱;负债抑制了低成长公司的过度投资,而对于高成长公司,负债抑制了其正常投资;短期负债相比长期负债相机治理作用较强;银行借款对非国有控股企业投资支出抑制作用更强;企业投资与银行借款的负相关关系随着国有控股股东持股比例的增加而减弱,而非国有控股企业控股股东的持股比例变化不会对投资与银行借款之间的关系产生显著影响。     

控股股东对上市公司价值的影响——基于大股东实际控制度的评价

本文以我国资本市场为背景，从控股股东对上市公司的控制程度可能偏离其持股比例这一观念出发，着重分析并检验了控股股东对上市公司的实际控制程度对公司价值产生的影响。而检验结果显示控股股东的控制程度同公司价值是非线性关系，并且控股股东越倾向于超级控制则公司价值越低。     

关于“控股股东对上市公司价值的影响——基于大股东实际控制度的评价”一文的评论

“控股股东对上市公司价值的影响——基于大股东实际控制度的评价”（以下简称戴璐、孙茂竹（2005））一文以我国资本市场为背景，从控股股东对上市公司的控制程度可能偏离其持股比例这一观念出发，着重分析并检验了控股股东对上市公司的实际控制程度对公司价值产生的影响。研究结果表明，控股股东的控制程度同公司价值是非线性关系，并且控股股东越倾向于超级控制则公司价值越低。     

财务杠杆对企业投资的影响——股权集中背景下的经验研究

不同于以往建立在股权分散背景下的研究,本文讨论了股权集中的上市公司中财务杠杆与企业投资之间的关系以及控股股东持股比例对这一关系的影响。研究结果表明,财务杠杆对企业投资具有显著的抑制作用,并且这种抑制作用随着控股股东持股比例的提高而减弱。本文还发现,财务杠杆对企业投资的抑制作用在成长机会较小的企业中表现得更为突出。这些结果均支持了过度投资假说。     

股权分置改革、控股股东与现金股利——来自中国上市公司的证据

本文以2003-2007五年间存在控股股东的分红上市公司为研究样本,采用多变量回归分析方法对股权分置前后上市公司现金股利政策进行了比较研究。实证研究结果表明,股权分置改革前,上市公司每股现金股利与控股股东持股比例正相关,支持现金股利的"侵占"假说;股权分置改革后,存在控股股东的上市公司现金股利支付水平下降,并且每股现金股利与控股股东持股比例的正相关系显著减弱,从而证实股权分置改革后现金股利的"隧道"效应减弱。     

Tunneling or propping: Evidence from connected transactions in China

Friedman et al. (2003) develop a model in which, in equilibrium, controlling shareholders may choose either tunneling or propping of their listed companies depending on the magnitude of an adverse shock and the magnitude of the private benefits of control. In this paper, we employ connected transaction data from China to test the implications of their model. We hypothesize that, when listed companies are financially healthy (in financial distress), their controlling shareholders are more likely to conduct connected transactions to tunnel (prop up) their listed companies and the market reacts unfavorably (favorably) to the announcement of these transactions. Our empirical findings strongly support our hypotheses. We also find that all of the transaction types in our sample can be used for tunneling or propping depending on different financial situations of the firms. Finally, political connection is negatively associated with the announcement effect. Overall, our analysis supports Friedman et al.'s (2003) model by furnishing clear evidence for propping and tunneling to occur in the same company but at different times.     

Controlling shareholders’ tunneling and executive compensation: Evidence from China

Conflict of interests between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders could affect executive compensation contracts. In this paper, we use data on Chinese listed companies and show that controlling shareholders’ tunneling reduces the pay-performance sensitivity of executive compensation. These results suggest that while incentive payment schemes are generally adopted in Chinese listed companies, controlling shareholders who obtain private benefits from listed companies have less incentive to strengthen the relationship between executive pay and firm performance.     

政府干预、大股东资产注入:支持抑或掏空

政府干预企业经营活动是普遍存在的现象。本文研究了国有控股上市公司资产注入中的"支持"、"掏空"现象。研究发现,政府控股股东比民营控股股东资产注入的动机更强烈。当上市公司盈利时,政府控股股东通过向上市公司注入资产"掏空"上市公司的动机比民营控股股东更加强烈,从而导致盈利的国有控股上市公司在资产注入之后业绩下降更多;而当政府控股上市公司被ST时,政府控股股东通过向国有控股上市公司注入资产"支持"上市公司的动机和力度比民营控股股东更加强烈,从而导致ST国有控股上市公司在资产注入之后业绩增长更快。     

Dividends for tunneling in a regulated economy: The case of China

Some Chinese listed companies pay out high dividends, despite the weak legal and institutional pressure on them to mitigate agency problems by paying dividends. We conjecture that such a phenomenon is caused by the differential pricing for tradable and non-tradable shares during the IPO of these listed companies. Such companies might use high-dividend payments to divert proceeds from an IPO or rights issue to controlling shareholders' pockets. The empirical results support our hypotheses, showing that companies with more differential pricing in the IPO, a recent IPO or rights issue, or more concentrated ownership tend to pay more dividends. Similarly, companies that are ultimately owned by the government tend to pay more dividends. Furthermore, a dividend increase accompanied by large IPO price discounts, a recent-year rights issue, an ROE qualified for rights issue, or great dividend variation is associated with more negative stock returns than other types of dividend increases. These findings indicate that dividends are not used purely for signaling or distributing free cash flows in China. Instead, dividends might be used by the controlling shareholders to engage in tunneling.     

银行对企业经营的监督效应研究——基于控股股东掏空行为的视角

从控股股东掏空行为的视角,采用中国上市公司的贷款数据分析中国的商业银行对企业的监督作用。研究发现,银行对控股股东的掏空行为具有一定的监督作用,在银行贷款数量多、贷款期限长的公司中,控股股东的掏空行为明显减少。对不同所有制的企业,银行的监督作用存在异质性。目前,银行的监督作用主要体现在国有银行中,而国有银行能有效监督的对象仅限于地方政府和私人控制的企业,国有银行对中央企业的监督能力较弱。从事后监督来看,银行会对控股股东的掏空行为做出贷款政策的调整,对于控股股东掏空严重的企业,续新贷款的银行数量、续新贷款比例显著下降,而且贷款利率显著提高。     

Are related-party transactions beneficial or detrimental in emerging markets? New evidence of financial services agreements from China

This paper examines a new and underexplored form of related-party transactions in which Chinese listed companies sign financial services agreements with affiliated finance companies within the same business group. With FSAs, listed companies can readily finance through internal capital markets. However, some concerns controlling shareholders can use FSAs to embezzle funds of listed companies legitimately, thereby expropriating the wealth of minority shareholders. Using a staggered difference-in-differences model with fixed effects, we empirically examine the economic consequences of FSAs. We document that FSAs are detrimental to listed companies' market valuation and operating performance. This phenomenon mainly concentrates on companies without financial constraints and those with lower bankruptcy risks. Further analysis shows that sound corporate governance could inhibit the signing of FSAs ex-ante. This paper contributes to the literature on the economic consequences of related-party transactions in emerging markets. It also provides empirical support that the internal capital market of business groups in China is inefficient and offers controlling shareholders opportunities for tunneling.     

Corporate governance and earnings management in the Chinese listed companies: A tunneling perspective

This paper examines the relation between earnings management and corporate governance in China by introducing a tunneling perspective. We document systematic differences in earnings management across the universe of China's listed companies during 1999–2005, and empirically demonstrate that firms with higher corporate governance levels have lower levels of earnings management. We study two China-specific situations, in which the listed firms have strong incentives to manage earnings in order to meet certain return on equity (ROE) thresholds, and earnings management has been shown to be the most conspicuous. We identify tunneling evidence for each. Our empirical findings, although not being able to completely exclude other explanations, strongly suggest that agency conflicts between controlling shareholders and minority investors account for a significant portion of earnings management in China's listed firms.     

Propping by controlling shareholders,wealth transfer and firm performance: Evidence from Chinese listed companies

Propping acts by controlling shareholders are common in Chinese listed firms. In this paper, we use data on related-party transactions of all listed Chinese firms from 2002 to 2008 to investigate the motivation behind controlling shareholders’ propping acts and subsequent wealth-transfer behavior and how both affect firm performance. We find that such institutional motivators as the maintenance of shell resources and qualification for refinancing have a significant effect on the propping behavior of controlling shareholders of Chinese listed firms and that such behavior is often followed by more serious tunneling when shareholders are driven by these motivators. Compared with non-state-owned firms, state-owned firms with the motivation to qualify for refinancing exhibit more severe tunneling after engaging in propping behavior. We also find that while propping by controlling shareholders improves a firm’s current operating performance, in firms whose controlling shareholders’ are motivated by the desire to maintain shell resources or obtain a refinancing qualification their performance declines in the following year because of subsequent tunneling. The results presented in this paper provide us with a better understanding of the relationship between propping and tunneling, controlling shareholders’ engagement in both and the consequences of that behavior.     

Does the type of ownership control matter? Evidence from China’s listed companies

By tracing the identity of large shareholders, we group China’s listed companies into those controlled by state asset management bureaus (SAMBs), state owned enterprises (SOEs) affiliated to the central government (SOECGs), SOEs affiliated to the local government (SOELGs), and Private investors. We argue that these distinct types of owners have different objectives and motivations and this will affect how they exercise their control rights over the firms they invest in. In particular, we contend that private ownership of listed firms in China is not necessarily superior to certain types of state ownership. To test our arguments we investigate the relative efficiency of state versus private ownership of listed firms and the efficiency of various forms of state ownership. The empirical results indicate that the operating efficiency of Chinese listed companies varies across the type of controlling shareholder. SOECG controlled firms perform best and SAMB and Private controlled firms perform worst. SOELG controlled firms are in the middle. The results are consistent with our predictions.     

合理掏空动机、超额掏空动机与控制权私有收益

以2004—2007年我国上市公司为样本,实证研究结果发现：（1）控股股东的”合理掏空动机”与”超额掏空动机”伴随着现金流权的上升呈现的是一种此消彼长的关系,而这两类动机都会引致控股股东对于控制权私有收益的追逐,但是二者的作用机理却是完全不同的;（2）伴随着现金流权的影响,控股股东的”超额掏空动机”之于控制权私有收益的正向效应和”合理掏空动机”之于控制权私有收益的负向效应的综合作用结果是不同的。