后危机时代会计准则与监管规则的差异与协调

会计准则与监管规则的差异与协调问题一直备受关注。在银行业加强外部监管、会计准则修订频度加快的后危机时代,作为准则制定机构、银行监管机构,如何理解、推动、协调二者之间的关系显得尤为重要。本文立足于银行视角,在阐述会计目标和监管目标差异的基础上,对会计准则和监管规则重要的差异点进行了梳理和归纳,分析并论述了差异的影响和未来的协调方向和手段,以期能为会计准则改进和金融稳定的微观制度建设提供一定的思路和参考。     

欧盟银行监管机构应对会计准则变化的做法及启示

自2005年起,在欧盟上市的公司必须按照国际会计准则编制会计报表,而会计准则的变化对银行监管尤其是监管资本的计算产生了重要影响。《欧盟银行监管机构应对会计准则变化的做法及启示》一文,介绍了欧盟银行监管当局应对国际会计准则在确认和计量等方面发生重大变化采取的审慎监管措施:运用审慎原则对监管资本进行调整;针对国际会计准则给银行报表带来的影响,制定了标准化的监管报表,并参与巴塞尔银行监管委员会制定有关使用国际会计准则的指引。文章阐明了在我国银行业采用与国际会计准则接轨的新会计准则的情况下,欧盟监管机构采取的措施对我国银行监管当局的借鉴意义。     

银行监管与会计准则的协调与发展

财务报告信息是银行监管的基础。随着国际财务报告准则应用范围的不断扩大，国际银行监管界更加关注会计准则的发展，积极参与并影响会计准则的制定。2006年2月，我国财政部颁布了新的会计准则体系，实现了与国际财务报告准则的趋同。为了促进银行监管与会计准则的协调发展，本文立足于国际银行监管和会计准则发展，对两者的关系进行了深入研究，并对我国银行监管当局如何应对会计准则的发展提出了建议。     

中央银行主要会计政策选择比较及启示

<正>一、与中央银行相关的主要会计政策选择比较(一)会计准则制定机构不同国际财务报告准则由国际会计准则委员会(IASB)签发,目的在于协调监管财务报表的编制和公布,使其达成一致。美国财务会计准则委员会制定适用于国内私营部门实体的财务会计和报告标准。这些标准被证券交易委员会和美国注册公共会     

金融资产减值会计准则的历史演进及国际趋同

2007年美国次贷危机爆发以来,银行监管制度和会计准则（尤其是金融工具减值和公允价值计量）便受到各国相关机构和学者的关注。2010年12月,巴塞尔协会已完成评发布了针对银行业监管规则的《巴塞尔协议III》,而以国际会计准则理事会（IASB）和美国会计准刚理事会（FASB）为主的会计准则制定机构对金融工具准则的修订正在进行当中。     

会计准则超载研究:产生·发展·现状

<正>会计准则超载是指会计准则的数量、详细程度和复杂性等方面的过度,还指由此造成的附注过量问题。会计准则的超载通常是与会计准则的扩展相联系的。对于会计准则超载的研究成为准则制定机构和准则执行与监管主体关注的焦点问题。     

银行管制契约下的会计政策选择

本文以契约观为视角．从剖析银行业几种典型的契约安排入手，指出会计数据(指标)在银行管制订约程序中发挥着重要作用，并对我国银行管制模式的变迁及其会计政策选择进行解读。最后，就加强我国管制机构与准则制订机构协调，制定高质量的银行会计准则得出几点启示。     

货币政策执行与银行监管协调的研究

本文对中央银行与银行监管机构职能的划分、货币监管与银行机构及行为监管、制定和执行货币政策与银行监管的关系，货币政策与银行监管对于经济周期的不同特性、协调环境的建设、科学性的增强做了分析。在分析当前货币政策与银行监管协调几个现实问题的基础上。提出了双方协调的思路。     

《小企业会计准则》与《小企业会计制度》差异分析

我国制定《小企业会计准则》时主要考虑了三个方面的情况：一是制定小企业会计准则应当立足国情、适应中小企业国际财务报告准则的简化要求与会计准则的发展变化情况;二是尽量与我国税法保持协调,减少人为产生的差异和不必要的调整;三是让银行等债权人容易看懂小企业的财务报表,减少信贷风险。     

金融创新、金融风险与中国金融监管模式

金融创新对宏观政策的制定、金融市场运行、商业银行透明度均有影响,它能够管理和控制金融风险,也能增大金融风险,还将对金融稳定性产生很大的负面影响。中国的金融监管应建立健全银行、证券、保险监管机构间以及与宏观调控部门的协调机制,通过中国金融监督管理委员会与国际性金融监管组织的合作,积极参与国际金融监管准则的制定,借鉴国外金融监管经验,不断提高金融监管的专业化水平。     

会计准则、资本市场监管规则与盈余管理之遏制:来自上市公司债务重组的经验证据

本文利用1999年、2001—2007年上市公司债务重组的数据来研究会计准则和资本市场监管规则在遏制公司盈余管理方面的作用。本文通过分析认为,为遏制上市公司的盈余管理,从上市公司盈余管理的动机端入手更为有效。就上市公司盈余管理主要为满足资本市场监管要求之动机而言,应该从资本市场监管规则的改进入手。而会计准则因其公共合约性质和不完备性,既没有责任也没有能力去遏制上市公司的盈余管理行为。1999年、2001—2007年间上市公司的债务重组行为支持本文的这一观点,来自上市公司债务重组的经验证据显示,是资本市场监管规则而非会计准则在影响和制约着上市公司是否利用债务重组来进行盈余管理。     

金融保险会计准则与监管规定的分离趋势与我国的改革成果

金融保险会计准则与监管规定的分离是会计准则制定的独立性体现,对建立全球统一的高质量会计准则具有重要意义。会计准则与监管规定分离由会计目标和监管目标的差异决定;从国际金融市场多年的发展经验和中国会计改革的成果来看,会计规定与监管规定的分离也是大势所趋。因此我国应该加强会计规定与金融监管政策之间的协调与衔接,提升金融保险会计信息透明度,维护金融安全与稳定,全面提升我国会计乃至整个金融经济的核心竞争力。     

收入多元化能降低银行风险吗?——基于中国银行业(2001-2010)的实证研究

本文以中国14家商业银行2001-2010年的面板数据为研究对象,考察银行收入多元化对经营风险的影响。研究结果表明,我国银行收入多元化与风险之间并不存在明显关联,其可能原因在于我国商业银行的净利息收入与非利息收入之间存在高度的相关性、考核机制以及会计计量口径的偏差。因而本文建议,我国商业银行应着力优化考核机制、加大非利息收入业务创新力度,而监管部门也应就会计计量标准及监管导向等问题做出妥善安排。     

会计准则改革、会计利润信息与银行债务契约

本文考察了新、旧准则下合并报表净利润对银行信贷决策有用性的变化,以及新、旧准则下合并—母公司净利润差异对银行信贷决策有用性的变化。研究发现,合并报表净利润是银行信贷决策的重要依据,新准则下合并报表净利润与债务契约的相关性减弱,且公允价值变动损益高的公司更明显。论文还发现,新准则实施后,合并—母公司净利润差异与企业获得银行借款的相关性减弱,说明新准则下的合并母公司净利润差异为银行信贷决策提供了新的信息含量。     

The Nature and Rationale of a Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting by Islamic Banks

Islamic banks have to abide by the revealed doctrines in Islam in conducting their business and financial transactions. They employ in-house religious advisers—often referred to as Shari'a Supervisory Board (SSB)—who issue a special report to inform users of financial statements whether or not the bank has adhered to the Islamic principles. Recently, a private standard-setting body—the Financial Accounting Organization for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions (FAOIBFI)—has been set up to externally regulate the financial reporting by Islamic banks. The FAOIBFI has published two statements on the objectives and concepts of financial reporting to act as a framework in setting accounting standards for Islamic banks. This paper examines the FAOIBFI's approach for developing objectives and concepts of financial accounting and investigates its need for such a theoretical framework. It is argued that the FAOIBFI's objectives and concepts would not be useful in mandating accounting standards on issues that are affected by religious ruling. This does not necessarily mean that such a framework may not be useful in legitimating the FAOIBFI's role and in setting accounting standards for issues that are not governed by revealed moral doctrines although it will be subject to similar limitations to those found by other standard-setting bodies in utilising and applying their framework. However, it implies that the more the FAOIBFI sets accounting standards that incorporate religious ruling, the less it would tend to find its own objectives and concepts useful. The ambiguities that may arise from different interpretations of the religious rules will require resolutions primarily by reference to religious rather than accounting authority.     

The IASB and FASB convergence process and the need for ‘concept-based’ accounting teaching

The increasing globalization of the U.S. economy drives interest in international accounting standards. In this respect, the convergence process between the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) targets the completion of several major projects by 2011. The importance of the projects under consideration as well as the lack of conclusive theoretical solutions around them suggests that the target of a “common set” of accounting standards will be replaced in the short-medium term by a de facto situation of a “slightly different set” of accounting standards. In this paper, we draw on best available practices to make a specific proposal for the introduction of IFRS into the curriculum of institutions of higher learning in the U.S. Our proposal is driven by the idea that accounting education should move from teaching ever temporary rules to emphasize the economic and strategic underpinnings of accounting transactions.     

Agency problems,accounting slack,and banks’ response to proposed reporting of loan fair values

We investigate the determinants of bank representatives’ responses to the United States Financial Accounting Standard Board’s 2010 Exposure Draft that proposes fair value measurement for most financial instruments. Over 85% of the 2971 comment letters were received from bank representatives, with most bank-affiliated letters addressing—and opposing—one issue: fair value measurement of loans. The Exposure Draft proposes that companies report both fair value and amortized cost measures for loans; thus, the proposal should result in increased levels of loan-related information and improved financial reporting transparency. We investigate three reasons for bank representatives’ resistance. First, fair value measurement should result in less accounting slack than the current incurred-loss model for loan impairments; therefore, we propose that representatives from banks that historically utilized that slack will resist fair value measurement for loans. Second, we propose that agency problems are an important motivating factor because bank representatives reaping more private benefits from their franchises have less incentive to support increases in financial reporting transparency. Third, we test whether the most common reasons for opposition included in the comment letters are associated with negative letter writing. Our analyses support the first two determinants of bank representatives’ resistance to the Exposure Draft. Specifically, accounting slack and lower demand for accounting transparency are strongly associated with resistance to the standard. However, we find that stated reasons for resistance are not associated with letter writing. Specifically, representatives at firms with difficult to value loans and firms that mostly hold loans to maturity are no more likely to resist the standard than others. The narrow scope of bank representatives’ comments and our empirical findings suggest that bankers’ responses to the Exposure Draft may be more driven by concerns over reduced availability of accounting slack and accompanying de facto regulatory forbearance than by the conceptual arguments they offer. Our results have implications for standard setters, who must navigate special interests as they attempt to promulgate high quality accounting standards, and for users of financial statements who must consider how political forces shape generally accepted accounting principles.     

新会计准则下银行资产分类会计选择的理论建模

2007年1月1日起实施的新会计准则对商业银行最重要的影响在于资产分类方面的新规定。新准则规定基于管理者持有该证券的动机和是否具有持有到期的能力对金融资产分类。资产分类的不同决定着市场价值变化对盈利水平和银行权益的影响。本文考虑新会计准则对银行资产分类的可能影响,设计了一个债券类产品和贷款,根据投资者效用和动机研究银行的资产分类决策,对银行考虑新会计准则对其影响时的资产分类决策建模。模型的解表明,风险中性的银行权衡流动性需求、权益稳定、资产收益几个方面决定其金融资产的分类,而银行收益和股东价值仍主要取决于银行的投资战略和对市场的预期,对资产分类规定的变化不会影响银行的实际收益,但短期银行会考虑其流动性需求和监管资本的稳定性,来决定银行的分类决策。     

司法体系、会计准则导向与投资者保护:一项案例研究

财政部2006年初颁布的新会计准则在一定程度上扩大了我国会计准则中的职业判断空间,体现出更多的原则导向特征。本文基于制度安排与规则的自我执行理论,解释了为什么在不同的资本市场制度环境(尤其是司法体系)下,会计准则导向会影响到以及如何影响投资者的利益保护程度,并通过案例研究来支持我们的理论观点。本文的结论将有助于人们更好地认识和理解我国会计准则的国际化进程,也将对新会计准则体系的内容结构与执行层面的完善具有一定的理论和政策意义。