浅析新会计准则下资产减值准备对企业盈余管理的影响

在我国,利用资产减值准备的计提与转回调节利润是上市公司盈余管理的重要手段之一。但过度的盈余管理行为不仅会影响社会经济资源的有效配置．而且会误导投资人的投资决策．导致不同的利益集团受益或受损。财政部2006年2月15日发布的新准则中关于资产减值的规定与原有会计准则相比发生了很多变化。这对上市公司资产减值准备的计提与转回产生了巨大的影响．从而对利用资产减值进行的盈余管理行为产生一定的作用及影响。因此,研究新会计准则下资产减值准备对上市公司盈余管理的影响是相当必要的。     

资产减值与盈余管理——论《资产减值》准则的政策涵义

2006年2月15日我国颁布了《资产减值》准则,规定已确认的资产减值不得转回。本文研究了上市公司的资产减值与盈余管理之间的关系,发现减值前亏损的公司存在以转回和计提资产减值进行盈余管理的行为, 一方面是为了避免亏损,另一方面是为了进行大洗澡(big bath);同时有较弱的证据说明减值前盈利的公司也存在以转回和计提资产减值进行盈余管理的行为,一方面是为了利润平滑化,另一方面是为了达到盈余增长。     

会计准则变更与资产减值计提行为分析

本文以2007年1月1日开始实施的新会计准则为研究背景,分析资产减值准则对资产减值计提行为的影响。结果发现:减值前亏损的公司会以转回资产减值进行盈余管理来避免亏损,减值前亏损且无法以转回资产减值避免亏损的公司会以计提资产减值从事大洗澡行为,为下一年盈利做准备;新会计准则的实施并不能有效遏制上市公司的扭亏盈余管理行为,但能够遏制上市公司的大洗澡盈余管理行为。     

我国新资产减值准则实施效果的实证分析

研究结果表明:2006年新资产减值准则颁布的当年,我国上市公司中确实存在着大量转回以前年度已计提的长期资产减值准备的现象;新资产减值准则的颁布和实施抑制了上市公司利用长期资产减值准备为工具而进行的盈余管理行为。     

资产减值与盈余管理——基于长期资产减值转回的实证研究

2006年2月15日《企业会计准则第8号：资产减值》的颁布，作为我国会计准则与国际会计准则的实质性差异之一，长期资产减值能否转回问题又成为人们瞩目的焦点。本文试图利用实证研究论证我国上市公司确实有利于资产减值转回（尤其是长期资产减值转回）进行盈余管理的行为，旨在为《资产减值》准则的制定与实施提供一些经验数据。同时重点关注上市公司2006年对于以前年度计提的长期资产减值准备的处理方式，以观测新准则的发布和实施对于上市公司的影响程度，以及是否的确出现了部分学者预言的“最后的疯狂”——上市公司资产减值转回的“赶集”现象。     

新减值准则对上市公司计提减值行为的影响研究

2006年国家颁布了新资产减值准则,新准则禁止计提的减值转回,以此遏止上市公司盈余管理行为。本文以2003~2008年A股上市公司为样本,直接以减值准备为因变量,采用TOBIT模型方法对新减值准则颁布前后公司减值行为进行实证检验。研究发现:新准则的实施使上市公司减值准备的计提变得比较谨慎,计提的幅度变小;无论减值准备与经济动因的关系还是与报告动因的关系,在减值准则实施前后均有显著差异,一定程度上抑制了盈余管理行为。     

基于资产减值的盈余管理与税务成本之间的关系研究

资产减值的计提与转回作为利润的“蓄水池”、历来是上市公司进行盈余管理的重要手段。本文以沪深两市2007—2009年3207家A股上市公司为研究样本，对企业利用减值准备进行盈余管理的现象进行研究。研究发现，随着公司计提（转回）的减值准备在利润总额中比例的提高，公司的所得税税负也将提高。     

长期资产减值准备:盈余质量与市场反应

对2001～2006年旧资产减值会计制度实施期间的相关数据进行检验,本文发现长期资产减值准备所产生的应计盈余明显地降低了会计盈余的质量。按长期资产减值准备的应计盈余所构建的逆向套利组合能获得显著的超额报酬率,长期资产减值准备的应计盈余与超额回报负相关,说明市场不能识别长期资产减值准备对会计盈余质量的影响。本文的结论支持新会计准则禁止长期资产减值准备转回的规定。     

资产减值:稳健性还是盈余管理

本文研究了我国上市公司资产减值的计提动机。很多研究已发现减值准备的两种计提动机:经济因素和盈余管理因素,但本文发现,稳健性因素也能影响资产减值准备的计提。在同样的毁损情况下,"坏消息"公司将比"好消息"公司计提更多的减值准备。此外,本文还发现,在利用减值准备进行利润操纵时,盈余管理动机的不同会影响减值类型的选择。扭亏和大清洗公司会采取各种类型减值准备进行盈余管理,而平滑和管理层变更公司只使用长期资产减值准备,而且是不影响营业利润的减值准备。     

破解上市公司盈余管理治理新思路——基于资产减值的视角

上市公司过度的盈余管理行为已经导致会计信息失真，误导投资者，因此必须加以控制。本文以现行资产减值准则颁布前后资产减值准备计提情况为研究对象，对上市公司利用资产减值准备进行盈余管理的现状和现行资产减值准则关于长期资产的变化对盈余管理影响进行分析，以寻求进一步完善我国会计准则，治理过度的盈余管理的具体办法。     

Self‐Fulfilling Liquidity Dry‐Ups

I analyze a model in which holding cash imposes a negative externality: it worsens future adverse selection in markets for long‐term assets, which impairs their role for liquidity provision. Adverse selection worsens when potential sellers of long‐term assets hold more cash because then fewer sales reflect cash needs, and proportionally more sales reflect private information. Moreover, future market illiquidity makes current cash holding more appealing. This feedback effect may result in hoarding behavior and a market breakdown, which I interpret as a self‐fulfilling liquidity dry‐up. This mechanism suggests that imposing liquidity requirements on financial institutions may backfire.     

上市公司财务报告目的评估价值相关性研究——来自A股市场的经验证据

公允价值在会计准则中的广泛运用引致了以财务报告为目的的评估业务需求。本文选取了2004~2008年上市公司为研究样本,检验了以财务报告为目的的资产评估总体价值相关性以及基于资产减值测试的评估价值的市场反应。研究结果表明,新会计准则实施后的价值相关性显著提高,而资产减值的计提受投资者的关注度则有所减弱。这说明以财务报告为目的的评估有效地提高了会计信息的质量和信息含量,并在一定程度上抑制了滥用公允价值进行盈余管理的行为。从长远来看,深化经济的市场化程度,努力构建一个完整、统一、开放、充分竞争的市场,实现评估界与会计审计界的良性互动,同时加强会计监管及行业自律并对滥用公允价值及虚假评估行为予以严惩,仍是未来一段时期的重中之重。     

Smoothing with liquid and illiquid assets

A quantitative examination of the demand for liquid assets arising from consumption smoothing motives reveals that such demand is very low. Consumers faced with income streams calibrated to match income and unemployment data and returns and transactions costs calibrated to match US Treasury Bill data almost exclusively buy and hold illiquid long term assets even though the return premium on long term assets is quite small. This is because, with standard preferences, savings are highly persistent even when risky income is not. In the calibrated model, the first order autocorrelation of savings is an order of magnitude larger than that of income.     

Determinants of tax haven utilization: evidence from Australian firms

This paper examines the major determinants of tax haven utilization based on a sample of 200 publicly listed Australian firms, over the 2006–2010 period (1,000 firm‐years). Our regression results show that variables relating to transfer pricing, intangible assets, an interaction term between transfer pricing and intangible assets, withholding taxes, performance‐based management remuneration and multinationality are positively associated with tax haven utilization. We also find that corporate governance structures are negatively associated with tax haven utilization. The magnitude and significance of the regression coefficients indicate that transfer pricing, withholding taxes, intangible assets, an interaction term between transfer pricing and intangible assets, corporate governance and multinationality are the most important drivers of tax haven utilization.     

货币政策冲击对实体企业投资选择影响的“宿醉效应”

本文研究货币政策冲击对实体企业投资选择的动态影响效应。与传统分析方法不同,本文运用利率衍生品价格数据来识别中国货币政策冲击,利用工具变量局部投影法获得货币政策冲击对微观实体企业投资选择的动态影响效应。研究表明,动态效应呈现出更丰富的信息:货币政策冲击对企业金融资产占比有显著驱动效应,效应大小表现出先升后降趋势,在冲击发生一年半后达到峰值。值得注意的是,货币政策冲击会导致企业货币资金占比在短期内显著减少,而在中长期显著增加。进一步分析表明,货币政策冲击使实业投资和金融投资在短期内都更有利可图,所以在短期内企业倾向于减少货币资金占比,增加非货币金融资产投资和实业投资;政策冲击在中长期对企业资产收益率的提升作用消退,盈余效应使企业在中长期的金融资产占比提高,表现出一定的“宿醉效应”。     

Long‐Run Stock Performance and Its Determinants for Asset Buyers

This paper examines the long‐term stock performance of asset purchasers and the determinants of cross‐sectional differences in performance. Our findings show that buyers’ stocks, on average, underperform following purchases. Buy‐and‐hold abnormal returns of buyers acquiring related assets are significantly higher than those acquiring unrelated assets, consistent with the focus hypothesis. Asset buyers with superior prior stock performance experience poorer long‐run performance than buyers with inferior prior stock performance, consistent with the prior performance hypothesis. Asset buyers that manage earnings upward, experience poorer long‐term abnormal stock performance than acquirers with downward earnings management, consistent with the earnings management hypothesis. The long‐term return evidence is to some degree consistent with the governance hypothesis but we find little support for the free cash flow hypothesis.     

Evidence of Avoiding Working Capital Deficits in Australia

This study examines the incidence of managerial interventions in Australian firms to avoid reporting working capital deficits. We document a significant discontinuity in the distribution of current ratios at 1.0. We also find that the propensity of Australian firms to avoid working capital deficits is largely determined by the costs and benefits of management interventions. Firms with short‐term or long‐term debt are less likely to engage in accounts manipulation, while firms paying dividends are more likely to do so. Further examination of the components of current assets and current liabilities reveals that, to avoid working capital deficits, Australian firms tend to undertake actions to overstate accounts receivable rather than overstate inventory or understate current liabilities. The results provide practical guidance and implications for shareholders, auditors and regulators in identifying accounting irregularities.     

Access to bank financing and the collateral channel: The case of Tunisian firms before and after the revolution

This article is aimed to study the impact of collateral liquidity on debt-access. Such an effect is proven with regard to the difficult economic conditions which ensued from the Tunisian revolution in 2011. The results show that the previously acquired liquid assets enhance debt access. This result is realized by a first measure through the positive relationship between inventories and short term debt and between fixed assets and long term debt. A second measure highlights the positive effect of lands, buildings, machineries and equipments and the negative effect of other fixed assets on debt-access. After the revolution, the creditors lowered their lending to firms to deal with liquidity shocks in the monetary market. Also, they became more selective through their excessive demand for liquid collateral. This result is justified by the intensive effect of real estate assets (lands and buildings) and by the regressive effect of the movable assets (machineries, equipments and other fixed assets).     

Investment Horizons and Information

We examine the relation between institutions' investment horizons on firms' financing and investment decisions. Firms with larger short‐term institutional ownership use less debt financing and invest more in corporate liquidity. In contrast, firms with larger long‐term institutional ownership use more internal funds, less external equity financing, and preserve investments in long‐term assets. These results are primarily driven by the variation in informational preferences of different institutions. We argue that short‐term (long‐term) institutions collect and use value‐neutral (value‐enhancing) information.