我国上市公司控制权私有收益计量方法研究

对公司资源的控制权所带来的控制权私有收益已成为现代公司治理研究的核心内容。因为我国上市公司所处的制度环境有其特殊性,这就使得对控制权私有收益进行度量时不能简单地套用国外的计量方法,而应根据我国的实际情况进行分析。本文在国内外学者的现有研究成果的基础上对各种计量方法进行比较分析,进而提出改进的控制权转让溢价法对我国上市公司控制权私有收益进行计量。     

控制权私人收益的非货币性度量与约束机制

控制性大股东在取得合理的补偿报酬及收益后,由于自利性驱使,往往有通过控制权优势来侵占中小股东利益的倾向。在控制权私人收益新内涵的基础上,文章分析了控制权私人收益中非货币性收益的度量问题,并提出相应的约束机制。     

上市公司大股东掠夺及预防机制实证研究

控制权私人收益体现着控股股东对中小股东利益的侵占。通过考察1997～2010年我国上市公司控制权私人收益水平,发现我国上市公司的控制权私人收益平均来说比较高,整体上有下降趋势;在东中西三大区域中,西部的控制权私人收益最高。并且研究结论得出市场化水平的提高、法治环境的改善、加大股权的制衡度等可以降低控制权私人收益水平。     

控制权私人收益问题研究

本文对控制权私人收益和大股东侵害的理论做了修正,得出控制权私人收益=合理控制权私人收益＋超控制权私人收益,其中超额控制权私人收益表现为大股东对小股东利益的侵占。发现,大股东通过控制权共享收益和控制权私人收益,实现了＂公司有业绩、大股东有超额回报＂的＂双赢＂局面。     

大股东收益对公司价值影响的研究——基于上市公司2005—2008年的经验数据

本文以我国2005—2008年存在控制性股权转让的69个上市公司为研究对象,从大股东对上市公司超控制权收益攫取的视角,研究了控制权成本补偿与超控制权收益的划分以及大股东收益对公司价值的影响。研究发现,在我国特殊的制度背景下,大股东在控制权转移过程中获取的控制权收益都是超控制权收益,其与公司价值之间存在明显的线性关系;我国存在控制性股权转移的上市公司的公司价值与现金流权比例正相关,与控制权比例不相关,与控制权和现金流权的分离度以及超控制权收益显著负相关,与公司规模、资产负债率等不相关。     

大股东收益对公司价值影响的研究——基于上市公司2005—2008年的经验数据

本文以我国2005—2008年存在控制性股权转让的69个上市公司为研究对象,从大股东对上市公司超控制权收益攫取的视角,研究了控制权成本补偿与超控制权收益的划分以及大股东收益对公司价值的影响。研究发现,在我国特殊的制度背景下,大股东在控制权转移过程中获取的控制权收益都是超控制权收益,其与公司价值之间存在明显的线性关系;我国存在控制性股权转移的上市公司的公司价值与现金流权比例正相关,与控制权比例不相关,与控制权和现金流权的分离度以及超控制权收益显著负相关,与公司规模、资产负债率等不相关。     

浅谈控股股东会计行为异化

股权集中是我国大部分上市公司的特点。因而控股股东在公司治理和监督经营者中具有重要的作用,但由于控制权私人收益的存在,常会出现控股股东利用控制权通过会计行为异化的方式以侵占小股东利益的现象,谋取自身利益最大化。因此,从控股股东的角度研究控股股东会计行为异化对我国经济的发展具有重要的现实意义。本文运用会计学、行为学、公司治理理论分析了控股股东会计行为异化的形成机理,依此提出了相应的治理建议。     

控制权收益刍议

<正>一、控制权收益的内涵控制权收益又称控制权私人收益(private benefits ofcontrol),这一概念最初是由Grossman and Hart(1988)提出的,它指的是控制性股东利用控制权谋得的利益。而在现有的文献中大部分的研究者倾向于赞同控制权收益就是大股东对中小股东的利益侵害,而本文认为这种观点是欠妥当的。本文对控制权收益的解释与前者的差别主要体现在以下几点:(一)出发角度不同:侵害论是从中小股东受侵害的思路去解析控制权收益,本文站在中立的角度,把控制权收益看作是企业一系列经营活动的成果;(二)研究主体不同:侵害论下,控制权收益     

中国上市公司控制权溢价问题实证分析

在企业价值评估实务中,经常会遇到对企业控制权的价值进行度量的问题.在评估实践中,有些评估人员会考虑控制权溢价,而很多评估人员常常会忽略这一点.那么,企业控制权溢价是否普遍存在?溢价水平有多大?不同行业之间的溢价水平是否一致?哪些因素会影响企业控制权的溢价水平等等?这些都是长期困扰评 估师的问题.本文中,笔者从控制权的界定、控制权的收益、控制权溢价的度量方法等方面入手,通过对中国上市公司1998至2012年间的1400多家企业股权协议转让案例的考察,从中选取了76个控制权协议转让的案例,运用统计分析的方法,对可能影响控制权溢价的若干因素进行了研究,得出了一些有益的结论.笔者希望通过这个研究,能够为资产评估师从事企业控制权价值评估提供参考.     

大股东控制的微观结构、激励效应与堑壕效应——国外公司治理前沿研究的新趋势

大股东控制已经成为经济学界和财务学界理论与实证研究的热点问题之一。本文回顾了公司治理领域关于大股东控制问题的最新研究成果，主要包括大股东控制存在的普遍性、大股东控制权与现金流权的分离模式、大股东控制的激励效应和堑壕效应，梳理了该领域的研究脉络，并对主要发现和结论进行总结和评论。文献研究表明，股权集中的内在机制不仅在于大股东有动力和机会增加所有股东都可以获得的共享收益，而且大股东可以通过消耗公司资源来获得小股东无法分享的控制权隐性收益，并导致企业价值的下降。最后，结合中国资本市场和公司治理结构的实际情况，提出了未来研究的新方向。     

The Determinants of Financial Structure: New Insights from Business Start‐ups

Business start‐ups lack prior history and reputation, face high failure risk, and have highly concentrated ownership. The resulting information and incentive problems, combined with entrepreneurial private benefits of control, affect initial financing decisions. This paper examines simultaneously the impact of these issues on leverage, debt mix and maturity. We find that start‐ups with high adverse selection and risk shifting problems contract less bank debt but compensate with other debt sources. Start‐ups in growing industries have lower leverage, but raise more bank debt. Entrepreneurs with large private control benefits contract less but longer term bank loans to lower the default probability.     

Economic Capabilities,Choices and Outcomes at Older Ages*

Intense policy and academic interest in the ‘economics of ageing’ has come about as a result of the demographic trends that have been experienced over the last 50 years and that are projected for the next 50 years. Key economic policy issues relate to the design of public pensions, welfare systems, healthcare and invalidity benefits, and the regulation of private pensions and other retirement saving. This paper presents an overview of the beginnings of a research agenda targeted towards increasing the empirical evidence on these issues in England and providing extensive data for subsequent research. The paper focuses on summarising some recent data on how individuals' economic circumstances, and in particular the ability and willingness to work, change from age 50 onwards. This will be a key factor in determining the ability of economic institutions to adjust to new socio‐demographic equilibria in which individuals are living for longer. Further issues for more extensive empirical research are also identified.     

Private Benefits of Control, Ownership, and the Cross-listing Decision

This paper investigates how a foreign firm's decision to cross-list on a U.S. stock exchange is related to the consumption of private benefits of control by its controlling shareholders. Theory has proposed that when private benefits are high, controlling shareholders are less likely to choose to cross-list in the United States because of constraints on the consumption of private benefits resulting from such listings. Using several proxies for private benefits related to the control and cash flow ownership rights of controlling shareholders, we find support for this hypothesis with a sample of more than 4,000 firms from 31 countries.     

On Researching into the Use of IFRS by Private Entities in Europe

There were three important regulatory developments in 2009 for accounting by private entities in Europe, including a new IASB standard designed mainly for private entities. This research note considers the EU regulatory context and other issues relevant to research into voluntary adoption of international standards by private entities in Europe. These are applied as a critical case study of a previously published paper.     

Auditing private companies: what do we know?

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the literature on what we currently know about the costs and benefits of auditing private company accounts. Our main conclusions are the following. First, there is much heterogeneity in factors driving audit demand in private companies and the value derived from the audit. Second, research provides support for improved financial reporting quality due to, and real economic benefits from, private company audits. Third, the cost–benefit analysis for private company audits is firm-specific and mandating the audit does not seem to be cost-effective and thus economically optimal for all private companies. Alternative services may better meet the needs of especially smaller private companies. Furthermore, mandating the audit is not necessarily an optimal solution since private companies with low demand for a high-quality audit are able to find an auditor that meets their requirements even under a mandatory regime. Hence, having a mandatory audit in place is no guarantee for universally high-quality audits and this seems most salient for private companies where auditors may be more prone to independence issues. We conclude by providing a number of directions for future research.     

Determinants of state equity ownership,and its effect on value/performance: China's privatized firms

Evidence on the relationship between state ownership and performance in China's privatized firms is convex, concave and linear. Hence, the nature of this relationship is not resolved. This study examines this relationship for a larger, more recent sample of 4315 firm year observations of privatized Chinese firms during 1996–2003. Results support the hypothesis of a convex relationship between state ownership and performance showing benefits from strong privatization and state control. Not only is ownership structure found to affect performance, but also ownership concentration and balance of power jointly affect performance. Chinese firms with mixed control show significantly poorer performance than state or private controlled firms affirming the problem of ambiguity of ownership control, property rights, agency issues, profits and welfare objectives. New determinants of state ownership in China's firms are strategic importance, legal ownership, profitability, and market performance. Privatization benefits because there is a causal relation between ownership and performance.     

信息透明度与控制权私利关系研究——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

控制权私利的隧道行为和隐蔽特征源于信息的不透明.本文首次系统地从信息透明度角度,研究信息透明度与控制权私利的关系.研究表明,法律制度与媒体信息披露能够显著抑制控制权私利,企业每股收益和两权分离度与控制权私利呈显著正相关关系,而总市值则呈显著负相关.这表明,控股股东实施两权分离或者向上市公司输送利润,其真实目的就是为了攫取控制权私利;而扩大企业规模,则能够显著抑制控股股东攫取私利.     

Private benefits of control and firm leverage: An analysis of Korean firms

This paper investigates the leverage choices of an entrenched controlling party. If debt effectively curbs the private benefits of control, the controlling shareholder is given incentives to avoid debt. Using estimates of the private benefits of control and financial statement data from selected Korean firms, we find that a controlling party with large private benefits tends to lower debt. This relationship was concentrated after the Asian financial crisis. However, before the crisis, firms that affiliated with Korean conglomerates, chaebols, used more debt as private benefits increased. A financial reform program triggered by the crisis seems to have actuated the disciplining role of debt. JEL Classification G32, G34     

Equity financing in a Myers–Majluf framework with private benefits of control

This paper generalizes the Myers and Majluf (1984) model by introducing an agency cost structure based on private benefits of control. This new model predicts that many corporate finance variables each have opposing effects on under- and overinvestment. Private benefits exacerbate overinvestment but, interestingly, a small amount of private benefits can enhance firm value by alleviating underinvestment. Likewise, an increase in insider ownership alleviates overinvestment but aggravates underinvestment. When private benefits are small, the adverse effect of insider ownership on underinvestment tends to dominate. When there are considerable private benefits, the incentive-alignment effect of insider ownership is pronounced. Additionally, this model reconciles existing equity financing theories on announcement effects. It helps resolve the puzzle that small-growth firms do not seem to have an asymmetric information disadvantage when they issue new equity.     

Equal opportunity rule vs. market rule in transfer of control: How can private benefits help to provide an answer?

Having been introduced in the European Union and in many other countries, the equal opportunity rule is seen as protecting investors in the event of a transfer of control. This rule should be analyzed in a context of appropriation of private benefits between the new controlling shareholders and the outside investors. Both parties need to design a new implicit contract to share the firm's ownership. Using a signaling model, we show that the new controlling shareholder issues signals to outside shareholders to deliver private information on a firm's future economic return and her private rate of appropriation. The ownership stake of the controlling shareholder and the premium embedded in the acquisition price are key parameters. In a controlling ownership system, the equal opportunity rule modifies the relative behavior of controlling and outside shareholders. The quality of information deteriorates but the discipline on appropriation may become stronger.