中国保险业发展与经济增长关系研究——基于VAR模型的实证分析

尽管保险业发展可以通过改变要素积累速度和宏观效率等多种途径来作用于经济增长,但源于经济增长的"需求追随"效应表明,对一些国家而言,很有可能是经济增长带动了保险业发展。本文基于向量自回归模型(VAR),对1982年～2010年中国保险业发展与经济增长的关系进行了考察。实证结果表明,我国保险业发展对经济增长的贡献是非常微弱的,经济增长的"需求追随"效应促进了我国保险业规模的扩大和结构的改变。但保险业的运行效率与经济增长几乎没有什么关系。     

Can Insurance Activity Act as a Stimulus of Economic Growth? Evidence from Time-Varying Causality in China

This article investigates the nexus between insurance and economic growth in China with a dynamic interactive mechanism to study different time periods. Using quarterly data from 1999 to 2015, the rolling-window causality test provides evidence of bidirectional causality between insurance activity and economic growth. However, the “supply-leading” pattern tends to dominate the “demand-following” pattern, which implies that in China insurance acts as a stimulus of economic growth during most of the period. Property insurance is more effective than life insurance in stimulating economic growth. Some temporary negative impacts from the development of the insurance sector show that China is in the midst of a transition from a closed economy to a more open economy and policy interventions by the government to liberalize the insurance sector. These findings offer several useful insights for policy makers in transition economies and developing countries.     

Insurance and economic policy uncertainty

Just as the world has witnessed the increased importance of the insurance sector over the past few decades, it has also witnessed a sharp rise in risks and uncertainties. Surprisingly, studies analyzing the relationship between economic policy uncertainty and the insurance sector are almost non-existent. Another major limitation of insurance literature is the choice of methodology. Most studies on the insurance sector do not take into consideration issues of heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, and are therefore subject to errors. To address the identified gaps, this research investigates the impact of economic policy uncertainty on insurance premiums in a panel of 15 countries over the period 1998–2016 by employing heterogeneous panel estimation techniques with cross-sectional dependence. The Durbin-Hausman cointegration tests of Westerlund (2008) confirm that a long-run relationship exists between the variables. Findings from the error correction based panel estimations show that the insurance sector is not immune to the effects of economic policy uncertainty. Economic policy uncertainty raises insurance premiums both in the short and long run, although the long-run impact is greater than the short-run impact. In addition, economic policy uncertainty exerts a bigger influence on non-life insurance premium than on life insurance premium, indicating that the economic risks covered by non-life insurance are more sensitive to uncertainty than the mortality and longevity risks covered by life insurance. Our findings further show that national income, education, population, financial development and institutional quality all raise insurance premiums, while inflation lowers insurance premiums.     

Life insurance demand and borrowing constraints

The literature devoted limited attention to exploring the relationship between financial development and life insurance demand. Financial development supports life insurance supply by providing confidence in the financial system, more efficient payment systems, and higher availability of financial instruments. However, financial development reduces households' needs to save by relaxing borrowing constraints, indirectly affecting life insurance demand. We contribute by providing a demand‐driven explanation of the negative consequences of financial development on life insurance development. We find that more credit‐constrained countries have higher life insurance penetration on average. Indirectly, the role of borrowing constraints signifies the importance of life insurance policies as a financing tool in case of the realization of various background risks. This study integrates the knowledge from life insurance theory, life insurance lapse, policy loans demand, and saving under liquidity constraints literature and produces implications for researchers, policymakers, and life insurers.     

保险业抗击新冠肺炎疫情的回顾、反思与启迪

在抗击新冠肺炎疫情的过程中,保险业以高度的社会责任感和专业精神,积极响应,迅速行动,得到了政府、社会和客户的广泛好评。但与此同时,保险业作为社会风险管理制度安排,在抗击疫情中,特别是在减少疫情影响、确保经济稳定方面,能够发挥的作用相对有限。为此,保险业要以这次抗击疫情为契机,按照问题导向的原则,正本清源地开展系统性总结与反思,进行全面整改与提升。首先,需要提高站位,全面融入现代社会治理体系,通过理论、技术和模式创新,为公共安全和公共卫生突发事件管理,以及社会稳定和经济发展发挥应有和更大的作用;其次,这次抗击疫情凸显了保险行业发展理念、经营模式和管理技术的许多深层次问题,保险业不应就事论事地看问题,而应在全面回顾、总结和反思的基础上,追根溯源、抽丝剥茧地分析原因,拨乱反正、举一反三地进行整改,将这次抗击疫情作为推动行业全面深化改革和转型升级的重要机遇和动力。     

经济政策不确定性、地区文化与保险需求

本文在拓展背景风险理论研究的基础上,揭示了经济政策不确定性对保险需求的影响及其受地区文化制约的理论机制。并利用2007-2017年中国30个地区的月度面板数据,检验了经济政策不确定性、地区文化与保险需求间的内在联系。结果发现:第一,经济政策不确定性会对保险需求产生显著正影响,且这种效应在地区人身险需求上表现更明显;第二,将地区文化指标集纳入经济政策不确定性与保险需求关系的研究框架,发现地区文化差异会对经济政策不确定性影响保险需求产生调节效应。因此政府需在充分重视经济政策波动和文化对经济活动的双重影响基础上,加强国内社会保障体系建设,建立更透明的信息传递渠道,培育人们主动抵抗风险的意识和文化习惯,调整保险供给结构,以减少不确定性对社会经济行为的负面冲击。     

Financial liberalization,insurance market,and the likelihood of financial crises

This paper provides empirical evidence to investigate the direct impact of financial liberalization on the likelihood of currency/systemic banking crises, and examines the roles of insurance market, country risk, and economic conditional variables on the relationship between financial liberalization and financial crises in 39 countries. Our empirical results support that financial liberalization does have a significantly negative impact on the likelihood of currency/systemic banking crises, and that the indirect effects of insurance development and lower country risk decrease the probability of crises, but the indirect effect of economic conditional proxies is enhanced with the likelihood of a financial crisis. The policy implication is that the government or authority should strengthen the positive role of the insurance sector in order to combat financial crises.     

我国电力消费与经济增长的关系研究

运用单位根检验、协整分析与误差修正模型,能够研究电力消费与经济增长之间的长期均衡关系。结果显示,电力消费与经济增长之间存在协整关系,且通过Granger因果检验发现前者是后者的格兰杰因。这一结果有助于我们了解电力行业在经济发展中的重要作用,并且对我国的电力建设、电力需求预测与电力方面政策的制定有着现实意义。     

Causal nexus between economic growth,banking sector development,stock market development,and other macroeconomic variables: The case of ASEAN countries

This paper examines the relationship between banking sector development, stock market development, economic growth, and four other macroeconomic variables in ASEAN countries for the period 1961–2012. Using principal component analysis for the construction of the development indices and a panel vector auto-regressive model for testing the Granger causalities, this study finds the presence of both unidirectional and bidirectional causality links between these variables. The study contributes to understanding the importance of the interrelationship between the variables and combines the different strands of the literature. It also contributes to the literature by focusing on a group of countries that have not been studied before. One particular policy recommendation is to make the banking sector more accessible for those country's inhabitants that do not have bank accounts. Another policy recommendation is to nurture stock market development, which will facilitate the increased raising of capital for investment purposes to enhance economic growth.     

Does insurance activity promote economic growth? Further evidence based on bootstrap panel Granger causality test

This study applies the bootstrap panel Granger causality test to test whether insurance activity promotes economic growth, using data from 10 OECD countries over the period of 1979–2006. Empirical results indicate that one-way Granger causality running from all insurance activities to economic growth for France, Japan, Netherlands, Switzerland, and the UK, and economic growth Granger causes insurance activities in Canada (for life insurance), Italy (for total and life insurance) and the USA (for total and non-life insurance). There is a two-way Granger causality between life insurance activity and economic growth in the USA, while no causality between insurance activities and economic growth is found in Belgium (for all insurance), Canada (for total and non-life insurance), Italy (for non-life insurance) and Sweden (for life insurance). Our results also confirm the finding of Ward and Zurbruegg [Does insurance promote economic growth? Evidence from OECD economies. Journal of Risk and Insurance 67, no. 4: 489–506] showing that the insurance–growth nexus varies across countries, since their paper have previously demonstrated heterogeneity in this vein. In an analysis of a broader, though overlapping 17-country sample and taking into account banking activities, the results suggest the importance of including banking activities when investigating the insurance–growth relationship.     

湖南省长株潭“两型社会”建设与低炭经济发展的调查

城市群正成为我国区域经济发展的核心增长极,运用保险手段实现经济与环境的双赢,从而推动区域整体发展是当代区域经济研究的新课题。以长株潭（长沙、株洲、湘潭）城市群为例,随着城市化、工业化的加速推进,客观上需要对可能导致环境污染突发性事件进行防范和化解。实施环境污染责任保险,既是推进“两型社会”建设的迫切要求,也是贯彻低炭经...     

The Hungarian Insurance Market: Economic Transition in the Insurance Sector

This article analyzes Hungary's insurance sector as an important part of the country's economic transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. It details the historic economic development of the Hungarian insurance market from a state monopoly to a competitive insurance market where foreign-owned insurance companies have a dominant market share.     

Finance and growth: Time series evidence on causality

This paper re-examines the empirical relationship between financial and economic development while (i) taking into account their dynamics and (ii) differentiating between stock market and banking sector development. We study the cointegration and causality between finance and growth for 22 advanced economies. Our time series analysis suggests that causality patterns depend on whether countries’ financial development stems from the stock market or the banking sector. We show that stock market development tends to cause economic development, while a reverse causality is mostly present between banking sector development and output growth. These findings indicate that the direction of causality between finance and growth is likely to be different at high levels of development.     

The Impact of Financial Development on Energy Demand: Evidence from China

An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach and vector error correction model (VECM) are used here to better understand the role of financial development in energy demand in China. Based on data from 1980 to 2014, the ARDL bounds approach yields empirical evidence that confirms the existence of long-run relationships among energy demand per capita, gross domestic product per capita, urbanization, economic structure, and financial development. The VECM framework shows the direction of Granger causality that combines the short run and the long run between the variables. The results suggest a feedback effect between financial development and energy demand per capita in the long run. However, financial development Granger causes per capita energy demand without a feedback effect in the short run. The results of this research may be of great importance for decision makers as they develop policies on energy and economic growth.     

Does interest rate and its volatility affect banking sector development? Empirical evidence from emerging market economies

This study investigates the relationship between interest rate, interest rate volatility, and banking sector development in 12 emerging market economies located around the world. For this purpose, panel data analysis was conducted using annual data from 1980 to 2014. In parallel to the financial development literature, which asserts that banking sector development, as a broad and complex concept, cannot be measured by a single indicator, this study adopts a set of measures of banking sector development. The empirical results reveal that while interest rate has a positive impact on all banking sector indicators, this relationship weakens at higher interest levels, showing a concave relationship between interest rate and banking sector development. In addition, the empirical results provide evidence that interest rate fluctuations have a negative impact on most banking sector development (BSD) indicators, suggesting that the banking sectors of emerging countries are vulnerable to interest rate risks. Furthermore, all measures of the banking sector indicators are positively affected by economic growth rates, while this association weakens at higher levels of income, confirming a nonlinear relationship. Thus, the results have important implications for policymakers in improving the banking system and promoting the economic growth of these emerging economies.     

Does property rights protection affect corporate risk management strategy? Intra- and cross-country evidence

Recent studies in the law and finance literature have shown that property rights protection is central to corporate financing and investment decisions and economic growth at large. We extend this literature by examining the effect of property rights security on corporate risk management decisions — an important element of a firm's business strategy. Using a unique dataset covering over 55,000 Chinese firms and employing both institution- and firm-level measures of property rights security, we find that secure property rights lead to higher corporate demand for property insurance, suggesting that property rights security is an important determinant of corporate risk management decisions. The effect of property rights protection on insurance consumption is also validated by a cross-country analysis that uses data from 93 countries over the period 1995–2008. Our study sheds light on the importance of property rights protection to corporate risk management decisions.     

我国保险业与经济增长关系的实证研究

为研究保险业和经济增长的关系,选取2001～2011年我国大陆30个省份(不含西藏)保险密度和人均GDP的面板数据,分别进行全国以及区域(东部、中部、西部地区)的保险业和经济增长之间的长期、短期及因果关系检验,分组计算经济增长对保险业发展的贡献度,得出如下结论:全国层面经济增长是保险业发展的重要因素,保险业发展又反过来促进了经济增长;区域层面经济增长和保险业发展之间的关系不一致,保险业发展与经济发展不协调。     

新发展格局下居民收入、杠杆率与经济增长

构建新发展格局是我国应对百年未有之大变局,实现中华民族伟大复兴战略全局的主动选择。构建新发展格局要以扩大内需为战略基点,我国完整的工业门类和超大规模市场空间为扩大内需提供了现实条件。考虑到投资对经济增长的拉动作用下降,投资需求高速增长难以为继,稳定经济增长需要充分发挥消费的拉动作用,而消费中政府消费增长快于居民消费增长,决定了需要构建以居民消费为主体的内需格局。在扩大居民消费方面,因为居民收入增长水平较低降低了分母,以及加杠杆购房提高了分子,二者综合作用推高居民部门杠杆率并对居民消费产生挤出效应。为此,需要从提高居民收入水平、优化居民收入结构,按照"房住不炒"的总体思路稳定房地产调控,也即从分子、分母两端降低杠杆率提升居民消费,同步推动消费升级、优化消费环境,提升居民消费满意度来释放居民消费潜力,进而让消费对经济增长的拉动作用充分发挥,以稳定经济增长。     

农业保险中的政府角色:理论诠释与中国的选择

在农业保险的发展过程中,其是否属于(准)公共产品、农民的风险态度、政府是否该介入、如何介入,不仅在一般的理论层面存在争议,而且也涉及政府与市场关系等特殊性问题。在梳理国内外相关文献对上述问题的分析之后,从政府与市场的角度,对政府介入解决我国农业保险三大基本特征(供给和需求的双重不足,市场发育和制度规范的双重缺失,以及逆选择与道德风险严重)的定位及行为路径进行了探讨。     

保险业对经济增长影响的实证分析——基于修正的Solow模型

保险业对于经济增长和社会稳定的作用已得到广泛认同。本文通过估计若干衡量生产效率的指标,以检验财产保险和人身保险在中国经济增长中发挥的作用。文中选用1994年～2007年国内的14组数据来建立我国的经济增长模型,发现在控制了教育、贸易出口、财政支出和投资增长率等变量后,财产保险深度对经济增长具有显著的正面影响,而人身保险深度的影响却不显著。该实证分析结果还表明,与保险和银行的独立影响相比,保险深度和银行贷款占比对经济增长的联合影响更为显著。