谈“返利”销售的审计

谈“返利”销售的审计□杨紫元“返利”销售是销售方为了扩大商品销售,提高市场占有率,按照购销双方约定,待购方（商家）将所购商品销售到一定量后,销方用货币、商品等返还给购方部分利益的一种促销形式。通常商家销售的越多,厂家返还的利益就越大。此种购销行为看似...     

对"厂家在商场以专柜形式销售商品"增值税处理的探讨

在购销活动中,生产厂家为赢得市场,往往以专柜形式与商家签订专柜合同.合同规定商家除负责统一收银、统一对外开票和管理导购人员外,其余的决定权和风险均归属厂家.每月厂家根据当月销售额按照约定的比例支付给商家承包费用、管理费用、租赁场地费用等等,并根据商家提供的销售清单,按照当月销售额扣除支付给商家的费用后的余额开具增值税专用发票和计提销项税金.对于商家统一搞的促销活动,由厂家另行支付现金或从货款中直接扣减.     

对企业集团成本管理问题的探讨

美国著名学者波特认为，企业要在激烈的市场竞争中获得持久的竞争优势，不外乎采取三种战略：成本领先战略、标新立异战略和目标集聚战略。其中，成本领先战略是最基本的竞争战略。应该说，企业联合起来，走集团化发展道路，为实施成本领先战略创造了有利条件。但是，企业组织联合生产也会因寻找协作厂家困难，价格、质量、交货期等条件难以谈妥，或是协作厂家中途变卦等原因使得交易费用很高。为了既要取得专业化生产的利益，又节省交易费用，企业就必须采取一种新的组织形式，这就是组织企业集团。 企业集团化为企业成本领先战略创造了一…     

对企业集团成本管理问题的探讨

企业成本管理是企业管理的重要组成部分，是实现现代企业管理目标的一个必要途径。应该说，成本领先战略是企业要在激烈的市场竞争中获得持久的竞争优势最基本的竞争战略。企业联合起来，走集团化发展道路，为实施成本领先战略创造了有利条件。但是，企业组织联合生产也会因寻找协作厂家困难，价格、质量、交货期等条件难以谈妥，或是协作厂家中途变卦等原因使得交易费用很高。为了既要取得专业化生产的利益，     

一桩总代理权丧失事件

黄宁伟与蕙人公司之间的矛盾，形象地体现了经销商与厂家之间既相互利用又相互戒备的关系。在经销商与厂家的斗争中，吃亏的以经销商居多，经销商与任何厂家合作，要将自身利益放到第一位，防备厂家“一阔脸就变”。     

海口中心支行网络管理基本方法

1.如何配置超级终端 在Windows环境下选开始,然后经程序、附件,选超级终端,在超级终端画面下建立新连接。输入新建连接名,然后选择连接为“直接连接到串口1”(根据实际物理连接的情况),在端口设置时选择下列指标: 波特率9600,数据位 8,奇偶校验没有,停止位2, 这样就可完成超级终端的设置。     

互联网金融浪潮下的证券业

2012年下半年以来，互联网金融一直被热炒。2013年3月阿里小微金融服务集团的成立，引起媒体以及许多人追捧，一时间金融界狼烟四起。面对互联网金融的浪潮，所有金融机构都在寻找自己的定位，是专心做金融产品与服务的厂家，还是做专业销售的渠道商家，或者两者都做？当金融机构明确自己的定位，敞开胸怀去拥抱互联网，互联网金融一定是天使的翅膀，让金融业机构飞向广阔的大众金融空间。     

透支以后

近一段时间以来。行业正在享受透支后的“悠闲”。 华东地区一片冷淡，有些商家为了回流资金。正在以低于批发价格的零售价出售黄金产品。西北地区情况稍好，但也无法与去年相比。而深圳的一些厂家，在这段时间的销货量，仅仅和2012年持平。     

探寻现实生活现象的经济解释

在现实经济生活中很多商家的行为让人很难理解,比如数码产品频繁降价,大型超市提供免费班车等。但商家看似让利给消费者的行为未必是真正的"让利"。商家在经济生活中的最终目的只可能是追逐利益最大化。只是不同的行业,不同群体的消费者由于存在异质性,使得商家在追逐利益最大化时采取的方式不同。本文从经济学的角度对这些现象进行分析,给出商家在现实生活中行为的经济学解释。     

漫步日本古董市

梅雨季节中少有的一个晴天，乘上造型可爱的无人驾驶电车．悠闲地奔向东京的流通中心。这里本来是各种货物的聚集地，逐渐地变成各种厂家、商家举行大降价销售的场所。就连古董市场也到这里开市。得知6月19日到21日期间。“第129届平和岛日本古民具古董祭”在流通中心举行。带着种种好奇，我特意前往一探虚实．很想看看日本的古董都是什么样？     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.