产权结构与商业银行贷款中的风险行为

产权结构是集中反映当前中国银行业公司治理特征的重要变量。基于我国14家代表性商业银行1994-2004年的面板数据，本文实证检验了产权结构差异对银行贷款中风险行为的影响。分析结果表明：在放贷过程中，非国有银行比国有银行更加谨慎，上市银行比非上市股份制银行更为谨慎。此外，国民经济的持续增长显著增加了商业银行贷款中的风险行为。银行贷款风险对存贷利差的变化并不敏感，对此尚未完成的利率市场化进程可作为部分解释。     

商业银行谨慎经营行为及其对绩效的影响研究

本文首先利用投资效用函数从理论上分析商业银行谨慎经营对绩效的影响,然后进行了实证研究.理论模型表明,银行效率与风险资产比例存在一种倒U型关系;在考虑存款人效用或者加强临管后,银行会加大资本的投入比例、减少风险资产的投资比例,更为谨慎地经营.实证分析表明,我国商业银行经营日趋不谨慎,经营绩效有所下降;股份制银行比国有银行更加谨慎,绩效好于国有银行;从"在控制风险的前提下获取最大收益"的角度看,谨慎经营能提升银行绩效,实证结果与理论预测相吻合.调整传统业务结构,适当降低高资本消耗的贷款业务,优化资产组合配置,建立以风险调整的资本收益率(RAROc)为核心的绩效考核体系,是提高我国商业银行绩效的根本途径.     

市场竞争、资本约束与银行风险承担行为调整

本文通过运用我国14家商业银行1996～2009年的数据,研究了市场竞争下资本约束与银行风险承担行为之间的关系。结果表明:首先,资本与风险行为之间存在弱负相关关系,且这两者之间的相互影响程度不对称。其次,产权属性和产权结构对银行风险行为无显著影响,其要害在于:股份制银行风险承担行为的"工农中建化"现象。再者,市场竞争对银行风险行为具有显著的正面影响,且它对银行风险承担行为的影响系数大于资本约束。也即,伴随着国有银行制度改革的推进,多元化产权竞争格局逐渐形成,一方面银行业市场化竞争日趋激烈,另一方面银行资产负债表中国家声誉的不可退出性,使得中国银行业在完全隐性存款保险制度的默许下,内生出风险承担偏向。     

我国商业银行贷款行业结构分析——基于国有银行与股份制银行的比较

正近年来,我国实体经济不振,不良率升高。商业银行资金投放面临行业和客户选择困难。本文从国有银行和股份制银行比较的角度,对商业银行的贷款行业投向进行分析。国有银行与股份制银行贷款行业分布情况整体情况从整体上看,国有银行贷款总额为37.66万亿元,股份制银行为13.65万亿元,国有银行是股份制银行的2.76倍。其中对公     

银行对企业经营的监督效应研究——基于控股股东掏空行为的视角

从控股股东掏空行为的视角,采用中国上市公司的贷款数据分析中国的商业银行对企业的监督作用。研究发现,银行对控股股东的掏空行为具有一定的监督作用,在银行贷款数量多、贷款期限长的公司中,控股股东的掏空行为明显减少。对不同所有制的企业,银行的监督作用存在异质性。目前,银行的监督作用主要体现在国有银行中,而国有银行能有效监督的对象仅限于地方政府和私人控制的企业,国有银行对中央企业的监督能力较弱。从事后监督来看,银行会对控股股东的掏空行为做出贷款政策的调整,对于控股股东掏空严重的企业,续新贷款的银行数量、续新贷款比例显著下降,而且贷款利率显著提高。     

我国银行业改革的侧重点选择和具体实施步骤

中国银行业需要通过进一步的改革解决目前存在的问题,但改革侧重点应放在银行产权方面还是银行业的市场方面则值得认真加以研究。本文通过从银行业效率的提高、不良资产问题的解决、银行业制度变迁的绩效等三个方面的分析,提出了在现阶段产权改革应优先于市场改革的结论。作者还具体设计了国有银行产权改革的三个步骤:第一步,通过结构重组,分立出公司制的优质子银行;第二步,对银行进行股份化改造,引入有实力的民营经济主体和境外战略投资者,构造多元化的产权结构,改善国有银行治理结构;第三步,推动商业银行上市,对商业银行实行民营化,最终实现国有股的退出。     

国有独资银行金融资本商业化运作走向

一、国有银行商业化需要产权改革股份化.从世界各国银行商业化经营的成功典范和经验看,产权股份制无疑是银行商业化经营的较好形式.最早的股份制商业银行是1694年成立的英格兰银行,它不仅是世界上第一家商业银行,也是第一家股份制银行.     

我国银行业改革的侧重点选择和具体实施步骤

中国银行业需要通过进一步的改革解决目前存在的问题，但改革侧重点应放在银行产权方面还是银行业的市场方面则值得认真加以研究。本文通过从银行业效率的提高、不良资产问题的解决、银行业制度变迁的绩效等三个方面的分析，提出了在现阶段产权改革应优先于市场改革的结论。作者还具体设计了国有银行产权改革的三个步骤：第一步，通过结构重组，分立出公司制的优质子银行；第二步，对银行进行股份化改造，引入有实力的民营经济主体和境外战略投资者，构造多元化的产权结构，改善国有银行治理结构；第三步，推动商业银行上市，对商业银行实行民营化，最终实现国有股的退出。     

产权结构、市场结构与银行效率

在近几年关于如何提高我国银行效率的讨论热潮中，影响银行效率的主要因素被归结为两个：国有银行的产权结构、银行业的垄断性市场结构。以此为基础，在中国银行业改革这一问题上理论界也提出了不同的主张：有的主张应以国有银行的产权结构改革为突破口，有的则认为应从优化银行业的市场结构、提高商业银行的竞争性入手。本文的作者认为，产权结构对银行效率的影响作用与市场竞争程度有关；而在公司治理制度不完善的环境下，市场竞争也可以起到约束和激励管理层的作用。因此，中国银行业的改革应该是市场结构改革和产权结构改革并举。     

论商业银行结构及其竞争力

我国商业银行发展呈现出多元化态势，在国有银行、股份制商业银行、民营银行及外资银行等商业银行之间的激烈竞争中，各商业银行的竞争力取决于其资源禀赋、经营者的能力及努力水平，而经营者的能力与努力水平又依赖于其产权结构和治理结构。     

Inequality in Mortality in Spain*

We analyse the evolution of mortality rates in Spain by age and gender between 1990 and 2018. We compare municipalities, ranked by socio‐economic status (SES) and grouped into bins of similar population size, to study changes not only in levels but also in inequality in mortality across the SES spectrum. We document large decreases in mortality rates throughout the period for all age groups, including children, even after 2000, and continuing after the Great Recession. These declines are stronger for boys and men, who had higher mortality rates to begin with. We find that inequality in mortality across municipalities was low among the young by 2018, while it was higher among adult men and older women. Inequality in fact increased over the period for older men. We explore the role of different causes of death and find that this increase in inequality is driven by stronger improvements in cancer‐related mortality among men living in richer areas. These improvements are not found among women, given their increases in mortality due to lung cancer.     

美国公司反收购战中毒丸计划的法律分析

公司反收购是现代公司控制权争夺过程中的必然现象，虽然有争议，但如果给予必要的法律约束，它对解决优化资源配置问题有巨大的促进作用。反收购措施起源于美国，美国历史上围绕收购与反收购的案例构成了美国反收购立法的重要组成部分。美国反收购实践展示了多种可能性，其中引人注目的是股东权利计划，又称“毒丸计划”，它已为我国的盛大网络公司对新浪公司的收购所采用，但在法理上股东权利计划并没有得到很好的研究和解释。本文主要针对美国公司反收购实践中的毒丸计划进行研究，从而论证毒丸计划在法律上的有效性。     

Persistence in Equity Fund Performance in Brazil

We examine performance persistence in the large and growing Brazilian equity fund market from 2000 to 2012. We find a significant risk-adjusted spread between a portfolio of top- and bottom-performing funds, which supports the idea that performance persists. This spread remains after controlling for market, size, distress, and momentum risk factors and tends to be larger and more significant for a set of small and retail funds. The spread is mostly driven by the underperformance of the bottom decile of funds, which is consistent with the existence of some fund managers with insufficient skills to recover investment costs.     

Public involvement in flood risk management in Hungary

The increasing frequency and intensity of recent floods and their economic, social, and political impacts created a situation in Hungary where flood management strategies need urgent reconsideration. Research suggests that in the case of natural disasters of uncertain and changing character, public education, information, participation, and cooperation are particularly important tools for coping. Drawing on the data collected by two recent empirical studies, this paper investigates state-of-the-art public involvement in flood control activities in Hungary. Results of a questionnaire survey and a series of semistructured interviews conducted in three flood basins of the Tisza river indicate that although the highly centralized system of flood control, and especially its strong financial background, a characteristic of state socialism, has significantly weakened since the political transition, forms of public participation, which could reduce the risk by building on a more conscious and responsible attitude of the citizens, have not developed yet. Paternalist and elitist attitudes prevail on the part of the authorities, contributing to the passivity of the public. There are signs, however, that in certain places, local government leaders take responsibility for building communication networks to raise public awareness and mobilize the public more effectively.     

Role of banks in financial inclusion in India

Financial inclusion is emerging as a new paradigm of economic growth that plays major role in driving away the poverty from the country. It refers to delivery of banking services to masses including privileged and disadvantaged people at an affordable terms and conditions. Financial inclusion is important priority of the country in terms of economic growth and advanceness of society. It enables to reduce the gap between rich and poor population. In the current scenario financial institutions are the robust pillars of progress, economic growth and development of the economy. The present study aims to examine the impact of financial inclusion on growth of the economy over a period of seven years. Secondary data is used which has been analyzed by multiple regression model as a main statistical tool. Results of the study found positive and significant impact of number of bank branch and Credit deposit ratio on GDP of the country, whereas an insignificant impact has been observed in case of ATMs growth on Indian GDP.     

Technologies in Finland in 2020 valued by ZEF-tool

In Northern Finland, information and communication technology, biotechnology, environmental technology and wellness technology have been subjects of special interest in recent times. These technologies are believed to create competence and bring welfare to the area. The aim of this study was to produce possible, probable and desirable pictures of the future for discussion and debate, and for use in strategic processes in different organisations. The idea was to explore the future based on experts’ opinions. The article discusses not only the technologies the experts saw as attractive and credible but also the issues they believed to be directing the development of the technologies in question.     

Including commodity futures in asset allocation in China

In this paper, we investigate the role of eight commodity futures in asset allocation in China during the period January 2004–December 2015. The Chinese commodities and stocks are moderately correlated. We use quantile regressions based on a value-at-risk model to examine the relation between these two markets. We find no risk spillovers between the markets, suggesting that stocks and commodities in China are exposed to different risks. Using different asset allocation strategies, we show that including soymeal and soybeans in the Chinese stock index can offer some diversification gains. However, other Chinese commodities may not be useful for portfolio diversification.     

Learning in Public Organizations in 2010

The theme of this article is the future of learning in public organizations. It outlines a way of thinking that might underpin learning, and argues that, by the year 2010, public organizations could develop a radical approach to organizational learning that would make the concept more meaningful in their everyday practice. This approach is based on various shifts in the ways in which management is thought about and enacted. These changes are a movement away from the idea of 'the public manager' to a more relational notion: 'management in public'. The author explains what 'management in public' means, and discusses how it can be put into practice in order to transform learning in public organizations.     

3月并购:正常水平

并购是融资的一个重要途径,为了让读者了解国内外的并购形势,《国际融资》杂志和全球并购中心(并购公会)联合推出并购月数据报告,供读者参考     

Development in medical underwriting in Germany

Life insurance companies generate profits primarily with life insurance and disability protection. Individual risk assessment serves to avoid adverse selection. The assessment of medical risks is based generally on the classification requirements of the reinsurance companies. For this reason the reinsurers provide the primary insurance companies with classification manuals. The manuals from the reinsurers differ only slightly. By means of three examples (heart diseases, cancer and HIV) the development for the last 30 years of underwriting in medical risks is explained in this article.