实物期权理论研究

经济全球化的不断发展推动了企业经营业务和经营手段的变化,企业面临的未来不确定性因素越来越多以及企业管理柔性变得日益凸显。因此,价值评估方法对于现代企业进行并购、出售、经营发挥了至关重要的作用。现有的大多数估值方法都不能估计出因企业不确定性变化带来的隐含价值。而实物期权方法可以估算出这部分隐含价值,这部分价值是企业价值的重要组成部分。     

复合实物期权研究述评

综述了国内外复合期权理论、方法及应用的最新研究成果,介绍了复合期权模型在金融资产和实物资产价值评估、公司金融领域等的具体应用。对多期复合期权模型在序列决策方面所具有的优势与应用前景、研究难点及相应的解决方案展开了深入的讨论。     

基于实物期权的目标企业价值评估研究

在企业的并购活动中,能否正确地评估目标企业价值已经成为企业并购成败的关键因素。在不确定的市场环境和企业持续经营的前提下,传统的企业价值评估法不能准确地评估目标企业价值。本文提出了基于实物期权的目标企业价值评估法,研究表明,此方法更能接近目标企业的实际价值。     

实物期权在企业价值评估中的应用

就企业价值评估方法而言,现金流量折现法无疑是其中基本的、成熟的一种,该方法是国外现行资产评估中使用的主要方法,也适用于我国大部分被评估企业的情况。但是随着经济社会的进一步发展,现金流量折现法的局限性逐渐显现,对其进行补充和创新是当前我国企业价值评估亟待解决的问题。于是,实物期权法作为一种创新的企业价值评估方法应运而生了。     

实物期权在企业价值评估中的应用

就企业价值评估方法而言,现金流量折现法无疑是其中基本的、成熟的一种,该方法是国外现行资产评估中使用的主要方法,也适用于我国大部分被评估企业的情况.但是随着经济社会的进一步发展,现金流量折现法的局限性逐渐显现,对其进行补充和创新是当前我国企业价值评估亟待解决的问题.于是,实物期权法作为一种创新的企业价值评估方法应运而生了.     

实物期权理论在公司并购价值评估中的适用性

实物期权的概念最早是由麻省理工学院的Stewart Myers教授于1977年提出的。Myers教授把金融期权的观念应用于实物资产上,为已经停滞的投资决策理论带来了新的思考方向。从此,期权定价理论应用     

基于实物期权视角的软件企业价值评估研究

信息化驱动现代化发展战略要求加快云计算、大数据、人工智能与实体经济的深度融合,在全面数字化转型中,软件行业的创新发展是信息行业重要力量,而合理判断和评估软件企业价值一直是软件企业发展过程中存在的问题之一。为此本文在借鉴中国资产评估准则中的实物期权评估指导意见后,根据软件企业存在潜在期权价值的特点,分析传统评估方法的适用性和局限性,将实物期权理论作为补充引入到收益法中构建适用于软件企业价值评估的模型,并应用到案例公司中,分析比较结果,以此为评估相关软件企业价值以及甄别价值来源提供参考。     

并购中企业实物期权价值评估的研究

本文采用实物期权法,建立了企业并购中目标企业的价值评估模型,认为并购中目标企业的价值不仅包括企业自身的价值,还应包括由于并购的实物期权特征和协同效应产生的目标企业的附加价值。目标企业自身的价值由传统的折现现金流法计算并通过实物期权理论调整;并购附加价值由实物期权法,改进的折现现金流法和专家评分法进行计算和分配。     

实物期权决策方法及其展望

实物期权的概念实物期权(real options)是与金融期权相对的概念,是以期权概念定义的现实选择权。简言之期权应用于现实资产时称之为实物期权。在资本市场上,期权赋予投资者权利而不是义务去按指定的价格购买或者卖     

实物期权在企业投资决策中的应用研究

实物期权方法能够弥补以净现值法为代表的传统投资决策方法的缺陷.实物期权方法应用的关键在于理解实物期权方法是一种思维模式.     

Laboratory Evidence on How Managers Intuitively Value Real Growth Options

We asked 82 experienced managers to value, in effect, a set of real options, by taking decisions on invented case studies. The classic Black Scholes model should set an upper bound for rational valuations of these options (since it assumes a risk neutral discount rate, which may be optimistic). The managers valued their options erratically, and generally optimistically, though their responses to changes in moneyness, volatility and maturity tended to be in the 'correct' directions. Oil industry managers over-valued least, relative to Black-Scholes, and Brewery managers most. Questionnaires explored managers' perceptions of the real option parameters encountered in their workplaces.     

Computing a Multivariate Normal Integral for Valuing Compound Real Options

We extend the Geske (1979) model to a multivariate normal integral for the valuation of a compound real option. We compared the computing speeds and errors of three numerical integration methods, namely, Drezner's improved Gauss quadrature method, Monte Carlo method and Lattice method, together with appropriate critical value finding methods. It is found that secant method for finding critical values combined with Lattice method and run by Fortran took merely one second, Monte Carlo method 120 seconds. It is also found that the real option decreases with interest rate, not necessarily positively correlated with volatility , a result different from that anticipated under financial option theory. This is mainly because the underlying of real option is a non-traded asset, which brings dividend-like yield into the formula of compound real options. Dividend-like yield rises with the multiplication of correlation coefficient and . High indicates the poor diversification advantage of the new investment project in relation to the existing market portfolio, and the value of real call option decreases with . Conversely, when is low, the proposed project provides better diversification advantage and the real call option rises with . Irrespective of the value of , when interest rate increases, the value of real call option drops, especially when is high, the value of the project is dominated by interest rate.     

Real Options: Experimental Evidence

Empirical testing of the real options theory has been very limited. This is primarily due to various inherent problems with obtaining field data for many components of real options theory. This paper utilizes experimental methodology to generate the data. The advantage of the experimental approach is that it enables the investigator to generate reliable and replicable data in a controlled environment. The results of the experiment indicate that fundamental insights of real options theory are not evident to individual investors. The majority invested too early and thus failed to recognize the benefit of the option to wait. However, when the investors had to compete with others for the right to invest, their bids generally reflected the value of the embedded option. Furthermore, as predicted by the theory, their bids increased with greater uncertainty about future cash flows from the investment.     

Edokko Options: A New Framework of Barrier Options

In this paper, we will give a new framework of barrier options to generalize`Parisian Option' and `Delayed Barrier Option'. Take a stopping time asthe caution time. When occurs, derivatives are given `Caution'. After, if K.O. time =() occurs, derivative contractsvanish. We simply say that first `Caution' second `K.O.'. Using thisframework, designs of barrier options become more flexible than before and newrisk management will be possible. New barrier options in this category arecalled Edokko Options or Tokyo Options.     

Terms Structure of Interest Rates and Implicit Options: The Case of Japanese Bond Futures

The quality option for Japanese Government Bond Futures contracts is analysed using a term structure approach based upon a two-factor Heath, Jarrow and Morton (1990b) model. The option value is found to be 0.12%–0.2% of par three months prior to delivery. Also, analysis of variance confirms that the quality option has a negative theta .     

房地产信托融资项目风险评估体系的研究

随着房地产信托规模的急剧增长,融资项目风险评估工作的重要性越发突出.在深入分析房地产项目的共性风险和个性风险特征后,采用楔糊练合评价法设计了一种科学、实用的项目风险评估模型;通过实例应用,证明了该风险评估模型可以为房地产融资项目正确决策提供有力的依据.     

The Expected Return and Exercise Time of Merton-style Real Options

We analyse the rate of return and expected exercise time of Merton-style options (1973) employed in many real option situations where the possibility of exercise is both perpetual and American in nature. Using risk-neutral and risk-adjusted pricing techniques, Merton-style options are shown to have an expected return that is a constant percentage of the option value and independent of the proximity to the critical exercise boundary. Merton options thus remain at the same point on the Security Market Line, unlike European options whose position and rate of return change dynamically. We also present formulae for the expected time and discounted times to exercise and analyse the dependency of these variables on volatility.     

Asset-Backed Securitization in Singapore: Value of Embedded Buy-Back Options

Asset backed securities have been promoted as an important financing instrument for property developers to raise capital in Singapore. In 1999 alone, S$1.92 billion worth of bonds have been issued via the securitization of six commercial properties and one residential condominium project under construction. Buy-back option is a unique feature embedded in the asset-backed securitization (ABS) in Singapore, which allow the originator to retain a contingent claim on the upside potential of the asset price. Based on the multi-period binomial option pricing framework proposed by Cox et al. (1979), the prices of the options embedded in the ABS contracts are estimated. Using the securitization of the 132,111 square feet 268 Orchard Road office building for illustration, the premium of the options embedded in the 10-year ABS deal was estimated at S$28.47 million, or 15.48 percent of the bond value. Recognition of the value of embedded options is important for structuring a fair and transparent ABS deal.     

宏观调控与房地产上市公司资本结构调整

本文研究了宏观调控对房地产上市公司资本结构的影响及其资本结构调整方式的变化。研究发现,宏观调控之后,房地产上市公司总负债率显著提高;借款的期限发生了显著变化,长期借款显著增加而短期借款显著减少,但总的有息负债没有发生显著变化;房地产上市公司的贸易应付款显著增加,这是资产负债率显著提高的主要原因。对房地产上市公司宏观调控前后融资方式变化的研究发现,随着宏观调控带来的银行信贷政策的趋紧,房地产企业融资方式出现了多元化,新的融资工具得以出现和发展,金融市场的完全性提高。研究表明,在金融市场不完全和管制环境下,资本结构并不完全是企业自主决策的结果。宏观政策和资本市场供给条件,可能是中国企业资本结构是最重要的影响因素。