会计信息基本质量特征:基于信息经济学的解读——对IASB《财务报告概念框架(征求意见稿)》的一个回应

IASB在《财务报告概念框架(征求意见稿)》中提及的"将相关性和如实反映继续作为财务信息的基本质量特征是否恰当",要从概念框架中相关性和如实反映(可靠性)的源头——Trueblood report——进行深究,并立足"会计是一个经济信息系统"、"会计信息是一种经济信息",从信息经济学角度进行解读和评判。在Trueblood report中,相关性产生于会计的"信息观",而可靠性产生于会计的"计量观",二者是两种不同会计观念混合的结果,是互不相干的。信息经济学认为,经济信息的质量特征决定于经济信息结构的"粒度"和"准确度"。从"会计是一个经济信息系统"、"会计信息是一种经济信息"来看,会计信息的基本质量特征是会计信息结构的"粒度"和"准确度";以此判断,将相关性作为会计信息的质量特征是不恰当的,可靠性(如实反映)部分与准确度质量特征相符,部分涵盖粒度质量特征。提供高质量会计信息,要从会计信息结构的"粒度"和"准确度"着手。     

会计信息质量经验研究的完善与运用

本文从盈余质量、价值相关性、及时性、可比性、披露质量和透明度六个侧面回顾了会计信息质量的经验研究,总结了会计信息质量经验研究的主要特点。在此基础上,重点讨论多个财务报告目标下的会计信息质量问题;前置性的会计信息质量特征问题;会计可以控制的会计信息质量问题;确认计量与披露质量、盈余信息与资产负债表信息质量的关系;进一步完善检验会计信息质量的变量问题。     

会计独董特征与会计信息披露质量的实证研究

本文研究的主要内容是我国上市公司会计独立董事特征对会计信息披露质量的影响。本文结合前人的研究以及合理的推测提出假设,选取会计独立董事特征的相关数据和深交所的信息披露考评结果数据,建立多元回归模型,得出以下结论:(1)会计独董占审计委员会成员的比例与会计信息披露质量显著正相关。(2)具有政府背景和实务背景的会计独立董事更利于会计信息披露质量的提高。(3)会计信息披露质量与会计独立董事繁忙度显著负相关。(4)会计信息披露质量与会计独董工作地点异地显著正相关。     

会计独董特征与会计信息披露质量的实证研究

本文研究的主要内容是我国上市公司会计独立董事特征对会计信息披露质量的影响。本文结合前人的研究以及合理的推测提出假设,选取会计独立董事特征的相关数据和深交所的信息披露考评结果数据,建立多元回归模型,得出以下结论：（1）会计独董占审计委员会成员的比例与会计信息披露质量显著正相关。（2）具有政府背景和实务背景的会计独立董事更利于会计信息披露质量的提高。（3）会计信息披露质量与会计独立董事繁忙度显著负相关。（4）会计信息披露质量与会计独董工作地点异地显著正相关。     

消耗性生物资产的会计计量与披露——由“獐子岛事件”引发的思考

生物资产会计准则的制定一直是一个世界性的会计难题。本文基于"獐子岛事件"暴露出的制度漏洞,在分析国内外相关会计准则的"大同"和"小异"的基础上,对我国消耗性生物资产相关准则的完善提出了探讨。笔者认为,应该根据消耗性生物资产的自身特性选择会计计量属性,并且要进一步充实和细化消耗性生物资产的会计信息披露。     

论资产减值会计信息的可靠性

我国《企业会计制度》要求上市公司自2001年起计提八项资产减值准备,标志着资产减值会计在我国应用的深化。然而,资产减值会计信息的质量特征是什么?资产减值会计是否会影响信息的可靠性?如何规范资产减值会计?对这些问题的进一步认识将直接影响资产减值会计实施的效果,本文对此进行探讨。一、资产减值会计更注重信息的相关性“受托责任观”和“决策有用观”是会计界有关财务会计目标的两种权威观点,其本质区别在于对会计信息质量是更强调注意可靠性还是相关性的问题。资产减值会计是指资产未来可能流入企业的全部经济利益低于该资产现有的…     

会计信息披露质量及成本分析

<正>一、会计信息披露的质量标准会计信息披露是财务会计的一个重要环节,是会计主体将加工生成的会计信息,按照披露准则的要求,提供给组织内部、外部信息使用者的过程,借以实现财务会计的"决策有用性"目标。信息披露质量的高低直接影响决策的效果,那么,怎样才算是高质量的信息披     

会计盈余信息的有效性

会计信息的质量问题一直备受理论界和实务界的学者专家关注。对于企业会计信息的外部使用者来说，盈余信息是最为重要、最为直观的一种会计信息，在企业对外披露的财务报告中占有核心的地位。因此，会计盈余信息的有效性始终是会计研究的热点问题。因此，我国企业披露的会计信息的质量自然成为理论研究人员、政策制度制定者和实际会计信息使用者所关注的内容。伴随中国证券市场的发展成长，上市公司的会计信息公开的披露内容、披露的格式、披露的要求都在不断增加、改进，从形式上表现出上市公司会计信息质量不断提高。但中国上市公司披露的会计信息质量是否提高了？从另一个角度简化为上市公司披露的会计盈余信息是否有效？还需要大量的研究工作来加以回答。     

优化城市商业银行会计信息披露质量的思考——基于辽宁省15家城市商业银行样本

城市商业银行会计信息是信息披露的重要组成部分。本文基于对辽宁省15家城市商业银行样本资产负债科目设置、结构形式等情况比较分析，发现存在缺少资产与负债结构披露信息，财务信息不全面，表外业务披露不足，风险信息缺乏定量信息，内部控制与公司治理信息披露质量不高等问题。基于此，提出应优化城市商业银行会计披露质量，城市商业银行应着力加强自身信息披露管理，规范信息披露内容及格式，充实完善监管指标体系，建立严格的强制信息披露机制。     

林木类生物资产会计信息披露研究

本文在对林木类生物资产投融资所处国内外资本市场环境分析基础上，选取我国拥有林木类生物资产的28家上市公司2007年年报为样本，对其林木类生物资产会计信息披露进行了研究，提出了进一步完善林木类生物资产会计信息披露的原则和内容，其重点在于完善林木类生物资产强制性披露，同时规范自愿性披露。     

我国生物资产准则与IAS41的比较与思考

本文对我国生物资产会计准则与IAS41的异同点进行了比较分析,并在此基础上对当前和今后我国生物资产准则的完善进行了探讨。作者认为,我国生物资产准则与IAS41相比,在规范范围,生物资产确认、计量和披露诸方面实现了“大同”,但也存有“小异”;“大同”是我国实现会计国际趋同的客观要求,“小异”则是我国当前会计环境和会计改革进程的必然。从长远看,生物资产的计量应逐步由以历史成本为主转为以公允价值为主,实现计量属性选择优先序与IAS41的一致,同时,应在未来修订的生物资产准则和应用指南中充实、细化其信息披露的相关内容。     

上市公司治理对会计信息披露质量的影响因素分析

本文采用熵权法研究了我国上市公司治理对会计信息披露质量的影响因素，研究结果表明第一大股东的性质、机构投资者持股比例、管理层的持股比例、公司总资产的大小和第一大股东的持股比例对会计信息披露质量有较大影响；而独立董事比例、监事会人数、流通股比例以及资产负债率、净资产收益率和主营业务收入率等指标对会计信息披露质量影响很小。根据研究结果，提出了完善公司治理结构和提高会计信息披露质量的改进措施。     

无形资产会计问题探讨

在经济全球化和知识经济的时代背景下,现有的无形资产会计实操与理论已经不能完全适应知识经济的要求。所以改进现行无形资产会计的缺陷与不足,寻求与知识经济时代相吻合的无形资产会计处理方法成为当务之急。本文分析、总结了我国无形资产的确定、划分、计量和摊销,在此基础上提出了完善我国无形资产确认、计量、信息披露的改进策略。     

A Trusteeship Theory of Accounting for Natural Capital Assets

One of the problems encountered in implementing accrual accounting in the government sector is that of accounting for natural capital assets provided freely to government and which are used as public goods. Professional accounting standards require that these assets be valued and included in the government's statement of assets and liabilities. The problem is not encountered in business accrual accounting because business neither acquires assets freely nor provides services to the public on a non-commercial basis.
Various issues surrounding accrual accounting for natural capital assets used as public goods are examined in this article. The nature and characteristics of such assets, and the distinctions between private goods and public goods markets, are first explained to set the context for examination of the issues. Then the issues as to whether natural capital assets should be treated as assets for accounting purposes and included in the government's statement of financial position are analysed according to FASB standards; it is concluded that they are not assets. Rather, it is proposed that these assets used for the provision of non-commercial services to the public should be treated in a separate category as public goods assets which are held in trust by the government on behalf of the nation, for the benefit of current and future generations and for the preservation of the natural ecology of the nation. Commercial valuations are not relevant for these assets and they need not be valued in financial terms for their good management.     

Accounting Problems in Infrastructure Asset Valuation and Depreciation in New South Wales Local Government

The aim of this paper is twofold: (i) to investigate whether New South Wales (NSW) local government councils comply with Australian Accounting Standards in accounting for revaluation of their infrastructure assets and (ii) to assess any consequences for the reliability of financial reporting in NSW local government. Using road assets as an example, we analyse the results of revaluations of road assets undertaken by 89 NSW councils as reported in their financial statements during the period 2013 to 2016. In this analysis we focus on the effect of a change in accumulated depreciation and impairment loss component of fair value as a percentage of the gross replacement cost of the revalued assets. The analysis reveals that in most cases this effect is significant. However, the accounting and reporting of this effect is strikingly inconsistent between the councils. Based on a critical analysis of the accounting framework and disclosure of the revaluation effects, we conclude that the main reason for the change in the fair value of assets is altered estimates of remaining useful life. Furthermore, we argue that councils did not comply with the requirements of AASB 116 in determining the useful life of the assets.     

经营性资产:概念界定与质量评价

经营性资产通常是企业资产的重要组成部分,其质量好坏在很大程度上决定了企业的竞争优势和发展潜力,尤其对于制造业企业的经营成败更是至关重要。本文从经营性资产概念和质量特征的界定入手,结合新企业会计准则引起的有关经营性资产信息披露方面的变化,从周转性、增值性以及获现性等三方面构建经营性资产质量评价指标体系。     

Voluntary disclosure of operating income

This study investigates whether New Zealand firms’ voluntary disclosure of operating income, which is also known as earnings before interest and tax, in the income statement is related to the investment opportunity set. New Zealand provides an ideal setting to examine this because New Zealand generally accepted accounting principles do not require the disclosure of operating income as an intermediate income number in arriving at net income (earnings) in the income statement. We hypothesize and find evidence that firms with high assets‐in‐place and high leverage are more likely to voluntarily disclose operating income/earnings before interest and tax. However, the assets‐in‐place finding is sensitive to alternative measures of the investment opportunity set.     

The accounting treatment of intangibles – A critical review of the literature

Intangible investments have become the main value creators for many companies and economic sectors. However, these investments are rarely recognized as assets by current accounting standards. We provide a critical review of the literature on the consequences of this lack of accounting recognition of intangibles for the value-relevance of financial information, resource allocation in the capital market, growth of intangible investments, and the firm's market value. We then review recent empirical research on voluntary disclosure of information on intangibles. Our survey concludes that disclosure can considered as a solution to the negative consequences of non-recognition of intangibles in financial statements.     

Disclosure indexes and compliance with mandatory disclosure—The case of intangible assets in the Italian market

Disclosure of financial statements is an important topic both for investors and for preparers as disclosure allows investors to understand the application of the accounting principles used by companies. This research examines the 2010 financial statements under IFRS of 189 Italian listed groups and their compliance with mandatory disclosure on intangible assets and presents an in depth empirical analysis of the Italian market—that belongs to the Continental European accounting cluster. Different variables were tested to analyze the compliance with the mandatory disclosure such as size variables, performance variables, financial interest variables and market variables. Many studies on mandatory disclosure are based on one disclosure index method and results are affected by the different approaches used: Cooke's dichotomous approach, Partial Compliance method, weighted and unweighted. In this paper, the decision was taken to run all the previous methods: results show that the only significant variable for all Dscore indexes is the weight of interests on revenues and this result is a distinctive feature of the Italian market where the role of the banking systems is more important than in other countries.