主权CDS对欧元区主权债务危机的影响

本文概括了主权CDS是否影响欧元区主权债务危机的几种观点和研究,发现了其中的不足之处,并试图进行弥补。文章基于面板数据,在对样本区间和国家进行分组的基础上,用向量误差修正模型(VECM)检验了主权CDS息差与国债息差的价格发现过程,此外还用向量自回归(VAR)模型分析了各国主权CDS息差之间的传染效应。结果发现,虽然主权CDS在价格发现过程中占据领先地位,但是没有证据表明主权CDS与主权债务危机之间存在必然的联系,而各国债务危机之间确实存在传染效应。     

浅谈信用违约互换功能、现状和问题

2007年的金融危机使得学术界对CDS相关产品的过度开发、定价缺陷以及风险管理进行反思;近年来欧洲各国主权债务危机的频发,又使得主权CDS在全球范围内备受瞩目。中国2010年推出了被誉为中国版CDS的信用风险缓释工具(CRM)。2016年9月,协会正式发布了《银行间市场信用风险缓释工具试点业务规则》及相关配套文件,真正推出了两项包含(CDS)在内新产品。信用风险衍生产品的前景巨大。因此本文通过CDS功能介绍,发展历程总结,阐述cds现状和可能面临的问题,并进一步提出建议。     

希腊主权债务危机的成因与特点

本文分析了希腊主权债务危机的成因及其特殊之处。成因包括基本原因,即希腊财政入不敷出,财政状况不断恶化;背景原因,即国际金融危机冲击;技术原因,即利用衍生金融工具隐藏债务埋下祸根。特殊之处包括：希腊债务危机被国际资本作为攻击欧元的一个突破口;希腊丧失了主权债务货币化的能力;对全球金融市场带来巨大冲击;是二战后第一个出现主权债务危机的发达经济体,可能产生连锁反应。     

欧元区主权债务危机对国际金融市场的影响及启示

欧元区主权债务危机爆发两年多来,全球股市纷纷下挫、走势低迷,外汇市场也随着债务危机的延伸而跌宕起伏。旷日持久的债务危机不仅对国际金融市场造成巨大冲击,加剧了国际资本流动的频繁无序,且已导致欧洲银行体系的信用风险加大和流动性紧张等问题。欧元区主权债务危机的爆发,提醒我们要全面审视中国的主权债务问题,尤其要加强对地方政府债务的监管,以防范债务危机的发生。     

主权评级对市场影响的实证分析

主权评级作为市场信息传递中介备受质疑。本文考察了目前欧洲债务危机中的主权评级,采用固定效应模型分别研究三大评级机构主权评级观察及评级降级对欧元区国家融资成本的市场影响。结果表明,主权评级对于市场长期影响不是很大,其中独立的降级影响不显著;评级负面观察的市场影响较评级降级的独立影响显著;评级观察及降级变化尽管对高级别国家的影响有限,但对A级以下的国家有明显的冲击影响。评级结果可能加剧了欧洲债务危机的解决难度。     

近年世界发达国家和新兴市场国家主权债务危机及其警示

本文通过考察近年世界发达国家和新兴市场国家主权债务危机的表现,比较分析其成因,探讨主权债务危机对中国经济发展的影响及警示,建议对房地产过热、地方政府债务和双顺差发展模式等问题保持足够的警惕。     

美国主权债务风险探讨及启示

欧元区主权债务危机引起公众对发达经济体主权债务问题的担忧,并警醒了人们对美国主权债务风险的关注。本文通过分析美国财政赤字率、债务负担率、经常项目赤字占GDP比重、经济增长率、国债收益率等多个指标,度量美国主权债务风险,并提出我国应对美国主权债务危机的对策。     

欧元区主权债务市场的特征分析及启示

长久以来,欧元区被认为是迄今为止最成功的货币经济一体化的典范.然而,欧盟统一大市场一直存在着由于成员围经济差异而造成的不对称冲击.此次欧元区主权债务危机的发生也从另一个侧面提出了重新审视欧元区金融市场一体化的要求.本文分析了欧元区主权债务市场的特征和不对称冲击对欧元区主权债务市场的影响,为解读当前发生的欧洲主权债务危机提供了一个更为全面的视野,并指出市场特征对包括中国在内的新兴国家或转轨经济国家主权债务管理的借鉴意义.     

法国会爆发主权债务危机吗

法国主权信用评级被调降可能会导致新发国债收益率上升。但上升幅度是有限的，短期内法国爆发主权债务危机的概率很低。自2013年春季塞浦路斯危机爆发以来，欧洲主权债务危机的演进相对平静，没有新的重大事件爆发希腊、葡萄牙、西班牙、意大利等外围国家的结构调整正在进行，特别是国内劳动力市场的调整已经导致实际劳动力成本下降，使得这些国家的竞争力有所恢复因此，     

希腊主权债务危机的成因与影响

日益严重的希腊主权债务危机将希腊推向了欧元区主权债务问题的风口浪尖，由此也形成了影响欧元区稳定运行的严峻挑战。该文基于国际金融危机对希腊经济与财政运行状况的影响，分析了引起希腊主权债务危机的成因及解决途径，指出解决希腊主权债务危机除了希腊自身的努力外，依然需要国际社会尤其是欧盟的援助。从全球的角度看，其他经济体的主权债务问题也同样值得警惕和重视。     

Insurance companies’ trading behaviour during the European sovereign debt crisis: Flight home or flight to quality?

This paper empirically investigates if insurers exhibited a flight home or flight to quality during the European sovereign debt crisis and other stages of the financial crisis. Our dataset consists of over sixty insurance companies, for which we separately observe trading behaviour and portfolio revaluations at a quarterly frequency during 2006–2013. When explaining insurers’ trading behaviour we explicitly control for country risk and momentum strategies. The results show that insurers exhibited a flight to quality during the European sovereign debt crisis, while we find no evidence of a flight home. The flight to quality was not present before the European sovereign debt crisis and disappeared after ECB chairman Draghi's speech mid-2012. Interestingly, supervisory data suggests that the observed flight to quality was not driven by regulatory solvency constraints.     

On the exposure of insurance companies to sovereign risk—Portfolio investments and market forces

A sovereign debt crisis can have significant knock-on effects in the financial markets and put financial stability at risk. This paper focuses on the transmission of sovereign risk to insurance companies as some of the largest institutional investors in the sovereign bond market. We use a firm level panel dataset that covers large insurance companies, banks and non-financial firms from nine countries over the time period from 1 January 2008–1 May 2013. We find significant and robust transmission effects from sovereign risk to domestic insurers. The impact on insurers is not significantly different from that on banks but larger than for non-financial firms. We find that systemically important insurers are more closely linked to the domestic sovereign. Based on European data, we show that risks in sovereign bond portfolios are an important driver of insurer risk, which is not reflected in current insurance regulation (incl. Solvency II in Europe).     

Does sovereign risk matter? New evidence from eurozone corporate bond ratings and zero-volatility spreads

In this paper, we empirically examine if sovereign risk matters for corporate bonds in developed economies. Using a unique panel data sample of 897 corporate bonds from eleven countries within the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), we investigate sovereign and corporate ratings as well as zero-volatility spreads (z-spreads). In the time period from March 2006 to June 2012, we find sovereign risk to be a significant driver of corporate risk. The effect is stronger for companies with domestic revenue structure, for companies that are (partly) owned by the government, and companies active in the utility and transportation sector. Interestingly, the impact of sovereign risk on corporate risk during the acute European sovereign debt crisis period decreases if ratings are examined, but increases if z-spreads are utilized. Rating agencies seem to take a more differentiated view on individual company risk during the sovereign debt crisis, while institutional investors might want to reduce their exposure to a country in financial distress as a whole, regardless of whether sovereign or corporate bonds are held.     

基于逆周期的主权信用评级指标体系研究

现行国际主权信用评级呈现出明显的顺周期特征而广受诟病。在对评级指标体系优化的基础上,采用90个主权国家2005~2012年经济数据进行面板随机效应和门限效应回归,对主权信用评级决定模型进行估计,运用欧债危机发生前后的数据进行模拟评级,结果表明：优化后的指标体系显示出较好的逆周期特征。     

Bank use of sovereign CDS in the Eurozone crisis: Hedging and risk incentives

Using a comprehensive dataset from German banks, we document the usage of sovereign credit default swaps (CDS) during the European sovereign debt crisis of 2008–2013. Banks used the sovereign CDS market to extend, rather than hedge, their long exposures to sovereign risk during this period. Lower loan exposure to sovereign risk is associated with greater protection selling in CDS, the effect being weaker when sovereign risk is high. Bank and country risk variables are mostly not associated with protection selling. The findings are driven by the actions of a few non-dealer banks which sold CDS protection aggressively at the onset of the crisis, but started covering their positions at its height while simultaneously shifting their assets towards sovereign bonds and loans. Our findings underscore the importance of accounting for derivatives exposure in building a complete picture and understanding fully the economic drivers of the bank-sovereign nexus of risk.     

Modelling correlation dynamics of EMU sovereign debt markets during the recent turmoil

The purpose of the present study is to explicitly model the correlation dynamics of Eurozone sovereign debt markets. Our analysis runs from 2000 through 2014. Time varying correlations are derived from a dynamic conditional correlation GARCH model (t-cDCC model). We document substantial variability in correlations that is time and region-dependent. Evidence suggests that the Lehman collapse coupled with the German banks’ bailout programme and the events that followed have undermined sovereign debt integration. Moreover, sensitivity analysis provides useful insights that global and regional risk factors play pivotal role in explaining correlation structure both before and after the onset of the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis. We believe that our results entail important implications for market authorities, international fixed income portfolio diversification and asset allocation.     

Investor induced contagion during the banking and European sovereign debt crisis of 2007–2012: Wealth effect or portfolio rebalancing?

This study investigates the way a crisis spreads within a country and across borders by testing the investor induced contagion hypothesis through the liquidity channel on stock-bond relationships of the US and five European countries before and during the global banking and European sovereign debt crisis of 2007–2012. We provide evidence consistent with the wealth effect as a source of contagion for the majority of countries. Nevertheless, we uncover evidence of investor induced contagion sourced by the portfolio rebalancing effect for correlations involving Spanish and Italian bonds during the debt crisis. Further, we find that tight (narrow) credit spreads reduce (magnify) the wealth and portfolio rebalancing effects, which are offset by the opposite effects of risk aversion amongst investors, a dynamic that is not restricted to crisis periods.     

Banks and sovereign risk: A granular view

We investigate the determinants of sovereign bond holdings of German banks and the implications of such holdings for bank risk. We use granular information on all German banks and all sovereign debt exposures in the years 2005–2013. As regards the determinants of sovereign bond holdings of banks, we find that these are larger for weakly capitalized banks, banks that are active on capital markets, and for large banks. Yet, only around two thirds of all German banks hold sovereign bonds. Macroeconomic fundamentals were significant drivers of sovereign bond holdings only after the collapse of Lehman Brothers. With the outbreak of the sovereign debt crisis, German banks reallocated their portfolios toward sovereigns with lower debt ratios and bonds with lower yields. With regard to the implications for bank risk, we find that low-risk government bonds decreased the risk of German banks, especially for savings and cooperative banks. Holdings of high-risk government bonds, in turn, increased the risk of commercial banks during the sovereign debt crisis.