关联方交易：利润操纵与信息披露

一、关联交易:上市公司利润操纵的主要手段利用关联交易操纵利润,主要是指通过关联交易将关联交易一方的利润转移至另一方,从而使其利润增加。在我国,由于上市公司与其改组前的母公司及母公司控制下的其他子公司普遍存在着错综复杂的关联方关系和关联交易,一些上市公司为避免因业绩不佳而退市,或为达到配股圈钱、增发股票的目的,往往利用关联交易之间不公允的交易条件、交易价格操纵利润。大量案例表明,我国证券市场中的会计作假行为有相当部分与关联交易有关,利用关联交易操纵利润已成为上市公司利润操纵的主要手段。其方式一是采用大大高于或低于市场价格的方式进行购销活动、资产置换和股权置换;二是以"旱涝保收"的方式委托经营或受托经营,抬高上市公司经营业绩;三是通过关联方定价,虚构经济业务,实现利润转移,人为抬高上     

关联方关系及其交易的审计问题研究

由于关联方交易灵活的定价政策和多样的交易方式成为不少上市公司偷逃税款、粉饰报表、提高利润的重要手段,本文通过分析上市公司关联方系着、关联交易的特点及其表现形式,关针对我国上市公司关联交易的现状,提出了将审计的重点放在关联方及关联交易的识别上、查找潜在的关联方、制定交易价格、规范企业对关联交易的信息披露等审计对策,旨在加强对非公允关联交易的扼制,规范会计行为,提高会计信息质量,保护广大中小股东以及债权人的利益。     

控股股东所有权结构与关联方担保

本文以我国A股上市公司1998年到2003年的关联方担保数据为研究对象,检验了不同股权结构下上市公司关联方担保发生的概率及其对公司价值的影响。本文的结果显示,随着上市公司控股股东持股比例的增加,上市公司为关联方担保发生的概率呈现出先显著上升、其后不显著、最后显著下降的交化趋势。此外,我们还进一步发现为关联方担保对上市公司自身价值的影响显著为负,且这种负相关关系在控股股东持股比例偏低时显著加强,而在控股股东持股比例处于高位时显著降低。这些研究发现意味着监管关联方担保行为的重点应更多侧重于控股股东持股水平较低的上市公司。     

关联交易、控制权收益与盈余质量

控股股东通常使用关联交易追求控制权收益(包括私有收益和共享收益)。在不同控制权收益驱使下,关联交易对盈余质量的影响也完全不同。本文使用2001、2002年中国上市公司的数据检验发现,当控股股东持股在50%及以下时,更多通过关联交易追求控制权私有收益,结果降低了盈余质量;而当控股股东持股超过50%时,偏好通过关联交易获取控制权共享收益,最终提高了盈余质量。     

关联交易、线下项目与盈余管理——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

近年来,关联交易盈余管理愈演愈烈,极大地损害了投资者的利益。以往大量研究提供了上市公司操纵应计项目及线下项目进行盈余管理的证据,本文则以中国上市公司2002--2004年的面板数据为研究样本,首次大样本检验关联交易、线下项目与盈余管理的关系。本文的主要结论包括：（1）有配股盈余管理动机的公司的第一类关联交易（通常计入线上项目的关联交易）比例显著高于控制样本,第三类关联交易（担保抵押类关联交易）比例显著低于控制样本。（2）有避亏盈余管理动机的公司的第二类关联交易（通常计入线下项目的关联交易）比例显著高于控制样本。（3）有盈余管理动机的公司,当其附属企业集团时,或者其控股股东处于绝对控股地位时,其关联交易比例更高。（4）第一类关联交易与线下项目显著负相关,有盈余管理动机的公司,线下项目较低时第一类关联交易比例较高。（5）配股公司配股后的关联销售和关联采购比例显著低于配股前。扭亏为盈的公司扭亏当年的第二类关联交易比例显著高于扭亏前一年。综上所述,计入线上项目的关联交易是上市公司为获取配股资格而进盈余管理的重要手段,计入线下项目的关联交易是上市公司为避免亏损而进行盈余管理的重要手段;上市公司控股股东处于绝对控股地位时,或控股股东隶属某一企业集团时,关联交易盈余管理行为更严重;进行盈余管理时,线下项目与计入线上项目的关联交易具有替代性。     

定向增发股份解锁后机构投资者减持行为与盈余管理——来自我国上市公司定向增发新股解锁的经验数据

我国上市公司股权再融资中普遍存在盈余管理问题。我国上市公司在认购的定向增发新股股份解锁前存在正的盈余管理现象,但是上市公司在不同类型投资者实际减持前所进行的盈余管理程度存在着差异:在关联股东实际减持认购的股份前,上市公司进行正向盈余管理的程度更高,并且关联股东的减持比例与上市公司盈余管理存在显著的正相关关系,表明上市公司利用盈余管理向关联股东在实际减持中进行利益输送的程度更高,而非关联股东在实际减持中,非关联股东的减持比例与盈余管理程度无显著关系,上市公司利用盈余管理向非关联股东进行利益输送的效应不明显。     

浅析上市公司关联交易对盈余管理的影响

盈余管理行为是一个普遍的企业行为,这一行为在我国上市公司中表现的尤为明显。为达到盈余管理目的,上市公司经常采用各种方式,如计提和转回资产减值准备,调整会计准则范围内的应计项目以及构造关联交易等。本文通过研究发现上市公司关联交易规模与盈余管理程度正相关,即上市公司关联交易规模越大,则其盈余管理程度就越高。最后本文针对我国目前上市公司利用关联交易进行盈余管理的现状提出相关建议。一是进一步完善关联方关系及其交易准则;二是对于具有配股动机的上市公司进行更加严格的监督;三是加大对关联交易盈余管理的监管和惩处力度。     

上市公司与控股股东关联方交易的规范

关联方交易是一种特殊的交易形式.由于我国国有控股股东行为模式的特殊性,上市公司与控股股东关联方交易的公平性和公正性亟待规范.本文在对不公平的关联方交易产生的根源及控股股东行为模式进行论述的基础上,通过分析上市公司与控股股东不公平的关联方交易,结合我国股票市场的实际情况提出规范上市公司与控股股东关联方交易的若干措施.     

关于关联方和关联交易的几点思考

关联交易是一种普遍存在的现象，也已经成为许多公司日常生产经营的重要组成部分。不仅国外如此，在我国已经公布2001年年报的上市公司中，披露了关联交易的占到九成以上。由于关联交易不是在竞争的、自由市场条件下进行的，而且大股东通过关联交易操纵上市公司利润，或者通过关联交易侵占上市公司财产的事常有发生，这不能不引起人们的广泛关注。下面笔者就从关联方的确认、关联交易的价格和保护中小投资者的利益等方面谈一些看法。一、 关于“重大影响”我国的《企业会计准则——关联方关系及其交易的披露》中没有给关联方以明确的定义，…     

关联方交易的制度根源与监管启示

本文认为,关联方交易可以提高交易效率,具有存在的合理性;上市公司与控股股东发生的关联方交易属于管理的交易,具有不公允的必然性,而公司治理结构的不合理则是非公允关联方交易产生的制度基础。由此提出,不能完全取缔关联方交易,同时应完善公司治理结构来从根源上规范非公允关联方交易。     

Nonnegotiable shares, controlling shareholders, and dividend payments in China

China has some unique institutional features. For example, the shares of listed firms are segmented into negotiable and nonnegotiable ones. The controlling shareholders, usually connected to the government, hold nonnegotiable shares. We examine how these institutional features affected cash dividend payments in China during the period 1994-2006. We find that dividend payments are positively associated with the proportion of nonnegotiable shares in a firm and the proportion of nonnegotiable shares held by the controlling shareholder; moreover, the 2001 China Securities Regulatory Commission stipulation requiring cash dividend payments does not benefit negotiable shareholders. However, we also find that dividend payments are downside flexible, and controlling shareholders cannot force firms to pay or to pay more dividends when firms' earnings decline significantly. The conventional factors, especially profitability or the capability to pay, still play an important role in determining the dividend policy. The propensity to pay and the payout ratio in China are not high compared to those of other countries.     

独立董事制度有效性与控股股东关联交易——来自深交所制造业上市公司的经验数据

基于2002～2008年深交所制造业上市公司的证据,本文以控股股东与上市公司之间的关联交易作为研究对象,结合独立董事所占比例、专业性和薪酬等基本特征,考察了独立董事能否有效发挥其监督职能。研究发现:独立董事的专业性对控股股东与上市公司的关联交易有显著的抑制作用,独立董事薪酬与控股股东与上市公司关联交易的频率显著正相关,独立董事的比例对控股股东与上市公司关联交易没有显著影响。这些结论有助于我们从新的视角去改进我国上市公司独立董事制度以提高其监督制约控股股东的职能。     

股权分置、资金侵占与上市公司现金股利政策

上市公司控股股东是否直接或以现金股利方式间接侵占公司资金一直是困绕学术界和实务界的共同性问题。与以往的研究不同,本文发现现金股利和资金侵占同是大股东实现其股权价值最大化的手段,二者具有可替代性,协整检验的结果也表明二者不是弱外生变量。本文通过联立方程模型将上市公司现金股利政策与资金侵占结合起来考虑,发现国有控股的公司发放的现金股利水平在前一阶段最高;国有法人控股的公司,现金股利发放的水平在后两阶段最高,但资金被侵占的程度最低;社会法人控股股东对现金股利的偏好与国有法人控股股东无异,但其控股的公司资金被侵占的程度最为严重;国有股控股的公司,其资金被侵占的程度介于二者之间。本文通过对公司股利政策的连续考察发现随着证监会推进上市公司改革的逐步深入,非流通股控股股东减少了对上市公司资金的直接侵占,但现金股利形式却变得越来越普遍。     

Long term changes in voting power and control structure following the unification of dual class shares

We study the effects of a regulatory change that induced the unification of most dual class shares in Israel in the 1990s. Specifically, we follow the evolution of ownership structure in a sample of 80 companies that unified their dual-class shares, and compare it with a control sample of firms that maintained their dual share structure at least until 2000. Our main findings are as follows. First, controlling shareholders offset the dilution of voting rights they incurred upon unification by: 1) increasing their holdings prior to the unification (ex-ante preparation), and 2) by buying shares afterwards; by the end of the sample period their voting power was only marginally lower than in the control sample. This offsetting result suggests that marginal voting rights may be important to controlling shareholders even beyond the 50% threshold. Second, share unifications were not associated with much change in the identity of controlling shareholders. Third, the proportion of firms affiliated with pyramidal business groups in the sample of unifying firms was lower than in the population of listed firms as a whole and not different from that in the control sample, suggesting that pyramidal ownership structures did not replace dual class shares. Finally, unifying firms did not exhibit a substantial improvement in their performance and valuation in comparison with the control sample.     

Share transfer behaviour of newly introduced Tunisian companies and its determinants: An empirical analysis

This study seeks to determine the reasons behind original shareholder sales of particular numbers of shares at the IPO date. It also examines whether share transfer behaviour reveals specific characteristics of blockholders and if a non-linear relationship emerges between the variable representing the shares held by controlling shareholders immediately prior to the transaction and the share transfer variable. The sample consists of 46 Tunisian companies listed on the Tunis Stock Exchange during the period 1992–2012. Results show that the original shareholders sale decision depends significantly on company growth opportunities. Assignee shareholders benefit from favourable stock market conditions when they sell their shares at the IPO time. Share transfer behaviour depends on whether company ownership consists of a family or not, and on whether the shareholders are blockholders or not. Besides, controlling shareholders benefit from IPO to enhance their ownership.     

Does Board Independence Matter in Companies with a Controlling Shareholder?

A number of studies have reported value discounts for listed companies in countries that provide weak legal protection to minority shareholders. Such studies typically attribute these discounts to the ability, and the well‐documented tendency, of controlling shareholders to extract a disproportionate share of corporate resources for “private benefits.” This tendency and the resulting discounts create a dilemma for those controlling shareholders intent on maximizing value for not just themselves, but all shareholders: How can such controlling shareholders assure their minority shareholders that they will not exploit their power to expropriate resources and so eliminate the discount from their companies' shares? This article investigates the possibility that such discounts can be reduced by appointing boards of directors made up of individuals who are independent of the controlling shareholders. Based on the systematic analysis of some 800 companies representing 22 countries, the authors' recent study reports that corporate values are consistently higher when boards are more independent of controlling shareholders—and that this relationship is especially strong in those countries that afford fewer rights to minority shareholders. What is likely to cause controlling shareholders to appoint more independent directors—a change that, after all, effectively limits the controlling shareholders' power and “degrees of freedom”? The answer provided by the authors is that board independence is most likely to be pursued by companies with controlling shareholders that also have major growth opportunities that must be funded mainly with outside equity.     

金字塔控制、关联交易与公司价值——基于我国民营上市公司的实证研究

本文以我国证券市场2002～2004年329家民营上市公司为样本，考察了金字塔控制、关联交易与公司价值之间的关系。发现民营上市公司的金字塔控制不利干公司价值：民营上市公司的最终控制人主要通过关联方担保、关联方资金占用和上市公司与关联方的商品购销活动来侵占小股东的利益，其政策含义是应该鼓励自然人直接持股上市公司，加强对关联交易的监管。更为重要的是必须改营公司外部治理环境、尤其是法律对投资者权益的保护，从而从根本上杜绝民营上市公司及其最终控制人对小股东的侵害行为，改善公司治理，提高公司价值。     

上市公司限售股转让税收政策研究

自2010年1月1日实施对个人转让限售股征收20％的个人所得税以来，通过法人转股给自然人进行避税的方式不再有效，但是各种新的避税方式仍层出不穷。对当前限售股转让的避税方式及其制度根源进行深入探讨，可以进一步完善当前税收政策的对策，使其充分发挥税收调节收入分配的职能。     

Corporate governance and market segmentation: evidence from the price difference between Chinese A and H shares

This paper empirically examines whether the price difference between Chinese A shares, which are traded in the domestic market, and their matching H shares, which are traded in the Hong Kong market, can be explained by firms’ corporate governance characteristics. We find that the A- to H-share price premiums are higher for firms in which the controlling shareholders and corporate insiders have greater potential to expropriate wealth from outside investors. This result is robust when we use a variety of corporate governance variables specific to listed Chinese companies to explain the A-share price premiums and when we control for differences between domestic and foreign investors in required returns, degree of speculative trading, liquidity, information, and demand elasticity. Our findings highlight the important role of corporate governance in explaining the price difference in segmented stock markets.