经济周期、投资者心理偏差与资产定价

新兴的行为资产定价理论存在的重大缺陷是未全面、系统地研究投资者心理偏差的变动机理和行为偏差的形成根源,以及它们对资产定价的影响,从而削弱了模型的解释力。投资者心理偏差随经济周期动态变化,不同周期阶段下呈现出不同态势(方向或强度),使得人们相应产生各种非理性程度不一的投资预期,进而导致资产价格偏离基础价值。而这种偏离又会反作用于投资者心理偏差与经济周期波动,从而相互影响,不规则地循环反复。文章将投资者心理偏差置于经济周期这一宏观背景下,提出"经济周期-心理偏差-行为偏差-资产定价"的研究新思路,以期揭示心理偏差影响下投资者行为与资产定价之间的作用与反作用机理,打开"心理偏差-资产定价"的"过程黑箱"。     

基于投资者心理偏差的资产定价研究框架

不断出现的资产收益可预测性现象逐渐动摇了研究者对投资者完全理性假设的信心，运一聂鬲心理研究成果引入资产定价领域，假设投资者有限理性和存在实际决策偏差，基于投资者心理偏差的资产定价模型从不同角度将资本市场中出现的异常现象与投资者的行为联系起来。回顾近几年资产定价理论研究的转变，对资产定价理论的最新研究成果及其理论基础进行总结和评述．以期进一步明晰研究发展方向和促进资产定价理论发展。     

基于经济周期的资产配置研究

在现金流贴现模型对各金融资产进行估值定价公式的基础上,抽象出金融资产随时间定价的基本模型,通过推导得到基于经济周期的资产配置模型。根据经济周期不同阶段预期收入和利率的不同变化特征将经济周期不同阶段与各种金融资产的不同收益率联系起来。在经济复苏阶段应重点配置股票资产,在经济繁荣阶段应重点配置房地产资产,在经济衰退阶段应持有货币资产或进行卖空,在经济萧条阶段应重点配置债券资产。长期各类资产收益率的统计数据也支持这个结论。     

随机游走、行为金融、混沌与资产定价理论的新发展

从随机游走、行为金融到混沌,从现代资产定价理论、行为资产定价理论到异质信念资产定价理论,三种学说和三种定价理论同时存在于当今资本市场的研究中,它们分别从不同方面、不同视角解释了资产价格的波动。本文的研究理清了三种重要定价理论之间的关系:理性与有限理性,线性与非线性,价格波动的外在机制与内在机制,为人们进一步研究资产定价理论提供了清晰的脉络。     

随机游走、行为金融、混沌与资产定价理论的新发展

从随机游走、行为金融到混沌,从理代资产定价理论、行为资产定价理论到异质信念资产定价理论,三种学说和三种定价理论同时存在于当今资本市场的研究中,它们分别从不同方面、不同视角解释了资产价格的波动.本文的研究理清了三种重要定价理论之间的关系:理性与有限理性,线性与非线性,价格波动的外在机制与内在机制,为人们进一步研究资产定价理论提供了清晰的脉络.     

一部关于中国股市个体投资者行为研究的力作——评《中国股市个体投资者行为实证研究》

投资者行为通过影响资产定价而影响资源的有效配置.与传统金融理论在完全理性人的假设下研究证券市场投资者的行为不同,行为金融理论在心理学、决策科学研究成果的基础上,研究了投资者的有限理性行为.     

一部关于中国股市个体投资者行为研究的力作——评《中国股市个体投资者行为实证研究》

<正>投资者行为通过影响资产定价而影响资源的有效配置。与传统金融理论在完全理性人的假设下研究证券市场投资者的行为不同,行为金融理论在心理学、决策科学研究成果的基础上,研究了投资者的有限理性行为。行为金融学理论突破了传统金融理论预期效用最大化和有效市场的研究范式,从投资者的实际决策心理出发,重新审视主宰金融市场的人的因素对市场的影响,从而有效地解释了众多的市场"异象"。     

资产定价:理论演进及应用研究

资产定价理论是现代金融理论的核心.本文通过对资产定价理论的综述,揭示了从传统资产定价理论到行为资产定价理论的演进脉络,并对各理论及相应模型的内涵和应用进行了描述,最后对传统资产定价理论和行为资产定价理论进行了比较,以期对我国金融理论和实践的发展有所帮助.     

行为如何影响资产定价——理论模型与实证分析

本文基于金融经济学中状态价格与随机折现因子等理论的分析,认为资产定价会受到行为因素的影响.在此基础上本文提出了状态价格函数,并建立了行为影响资产定价的多项式模型.     

金融市场中的启动效应初探

对金融市场波动性的研究主要是源于对资产选择和资产定价的需要。在我国,由于金融市场的发育比较落后,投资者的投资理念还不强,投资行为不够理性,人们的预期对金融工具的价格形成起着越来越重要的作用。这方面已经有很多研究,本文将着重对金融市场中影响人们形成价格预期的启动效应及其影响机制进行分析和描述。     

Asset liquidity,business risk,and beta

Extant literature posits that because of leverage, equity beta estimates from a single factor capital asset pricing model based on an equity-only market index are biased. We show analytically that this leverage bias is intimately related to the firm's asset structure per se, the firm's asset liquidity (i.e., cash holdings) and business risk. This is mainly because riskless cash holdings and risky real assets jointly determine the relevant risk for asset pricing. We empirically confirm that asset liquidity and business risk can marginally explain the leverage bias in the cross-section of stocks returns.     

Profitability of momentum strategies in international markets: The role of business cycle variables and behavioural biases

The paper investigates whether business cycle variables and behavioural biases can explain the profitability of momentum trading in three major European markets. Unlike previous studies, the paper nests both risk-based and behavioural-based variables in a two-stage model specification in an attempt to explain momentum profits. The findings show that, although momentum profitability in European markets is unexplained by conditional asset pricing models, it is attributable to asset mispricing that systematically varies with global business conditions. In addition, behavioural variables do not appear to matter much. Thus risk factors, which are undetected thus far and are largely attributable to the business cycle, could explain the momentum payoffs in European stock markets.     

Asset Returns and Labor Supply in a Production Economy

The introduction of an endogenous labor decision represents a challenge for models that seek to jointly explain asset pricing and business cycle facts. This paper shows that several improvements can be made if a standard real business cycle model is augmented with a novel preference specification that increases the stochastic discount factor volatility and simultaneously reduces the wealth elasticity of labor supply.     

Pension benefits, wealth accumulation, and capital market equilibrium: a life cycle hypothesis-based dynamic model

This paper examines the impacts of pension benefits on capital asset pricing in conjunction with wealth accumulation and retirement, and derives and tests a dynamic capital asset pricing model (CAPM) within the framework of a life cycle hypothesis-based dynamic model. The life cycle hypothesis-based dynamic model maximizes the expected utility of the individual's lifetime wealth in a continuous time process. An optimal solution of the individual's wealth path, incorporating the ages of retirement and death, is obtained and, based on the optimal wealth path, an analysis of comparative dynamics is pursued. The dynamic CAPM is then derived from the optimal wealth path; simulation and nonparametric tests are undertaken to evaluate the performance of the dynamic CAPM as compared to the traditional model which does not consider the impacts of pension benefits and the static model that incorporates the effects of pension benefits. The test results suggest that the proposed dynamic CAPM closely states the expected rate of return for a capital asset; that the new dynamic CAPM is preferable over the static model that is preferable over the traditional model; and that the three models considered are statistically distinguishable from one another.     

What explains the investment growth anomaly?

We examine if an existing asset pricing model in an unconditional or conditional setting can explain the investment growth anomaly, as represented by higher returns on stocks of the firms with lower growth in capital expenditures. Our results indicate that the conditional Fama–French 3-factor model that allows factor loadings to be time-varying and further linked to firm-level characteristics and the business cycle can explain the anomaly.     

Approximating the Asset Pricing Kernel

This article tests a simple consumption-based asset pricing model by approximating the true asset pricing kernel using low-order orthonormal polynomials based on the model's state variables. Approximated kernels based solely on next period's consumption growth are not rejected by overall measures of model fit, but they produce statistically and economically large pricing errors. Approximated kernels based on two quarters of future consumption growth and technology shocks have substantially improved overall fit. In particular, the best of these kernels are capable of eliminating the small firm effect.     

Risky asset pricing based on safety first fund management

We study a portfolio selection model based on Kataoka's safety-first criterion (KSF model in short). We assume that the market is complete but without risk-free asset, and that the returns are jointly elliptically distributed. With these assumptions, we provide an explicit analytical optimal solution for the KSF model and obtain some geometrical properties of the efficient frontier in the plane of probability risk degree z _α and target return r _α. We further prove a two-fund separation and tangency portfolio theorem in the spirit of the traditional mean-variance analysis. We also establish a risky asset pricing model based on risky funds that is similar to Black's zero-beta capital asset pricing model (CAPM, for short). Moreover, we simplify our risky asset pricing model using a derivative risky fund as a reference for market evaluation.     

THE NEGLECTED AND SMALL FIRM EFFECTS

This paper addresses the empirical question of whether the differential attention which companies receive affects the capital asset pricing process. The degree of attention was measured by research concentration rankings based on the number of analysts regularly following the firm's securities. The results suggest: (i) that there is a “neglected firm effect” in terms of superior performance for less researched companies and (ii) that the neglected firm effect persists over and above the small firm effect; namely, the excess returns are not fully attributable to size. The ex-post capital asset pricing model is unable to account for the differences in return across security research ranking. Several possible explanations for the results are considered but not tested.     

Tests of the Relations Among Marketwide Factors,Firm-Specific Variables,and Stock Returns Using a Conditional Asset Pricing Model

In this article we generalize Harvey's (1989) empirical specification of conditional asset pricing models to allow for both time-varying covariances between stock returns and marketwide factors and time-varying reward-to-covariabilities. The model is then applied to examine the effects of firm size and book-to-market equity ratios. We find that the traditional asset pricing model with commonly used factors can only explain a small portion of the stock returns predicted by firm size and book-to-market equity ratios. The results indicate that allowing time-varying covariances and time-varying reward-to-covariabilities does little to salvage the traditional asset pricing models.     

Pricing credit-risky bonds and spread options modelling credit-spread term structures with two-dimensional Markov-modulated jump-diffusion

The relationship between company hazard rates and the business cycle becomes more apparent after a financial crisis. To address this relationship, a regime-switching process with an intensity function is adopted in this paper. In addition, the dynamics of both interest rates and asset values are modelled with a Markov-modulated jump-diffusion model, and a 2-factor hazard rate model is also considered. Based on this more suitable model setting, a closed-form model of pricing risky bonds is derived. The difference in yield between a risky bond and risk-free zero coupon bond is used to model a term structure of credit spreads (CSs) from which a closed-form pricing model of a call option on CSs is obtained. In addition, the degree to which the explicit regime shift affects CSs and credit-risky bond prices is numerically examined using three forward-rate functions under various business-cycle patterns.