企业会计准则修订对PPP项目会计核算的影响

PPP项目在建设和运营中涉及收入的确认和计量、项目资产的列报以及政府补助的会计核算等事项.2017年以来,财政部对政府补助、金融工具和收入准则进行了修订,上述准则的修订对于PPP项目资产和收入的会计确认和计量是否产生了重大影响,文章对此进行了探讨.     

经理人股票期权会计确认问题研究

自安然、世通事件爆发以来 ,经理人股票期权的会计确认问题再一次成为争论的焦点。目前 ,关于经理人股票期权的会计确认存在两种观点 :“利润分配观”和“费用观”。本文从财务会计概念框架的角度以及对经理人股票期权经济实质的探讨出发 ,主张经理人股票期权报酬成本应当确认为费用。     

基于DEA标尺竞争理论的PPP项目绩效监管机制研究

PPP项目的顺利实施,有赖于建立科学合理的PPP项目绩效监管机制。为解决PPP项目绩效监管过程中的信息不对称问题,通过借鉴政府规制理论最新成果及监管实践经验,建立了基于数据包络分析(DEA)的PPP项目绩效监管标尺竞争模型,针对双方博弈时序下的合约设计问题进行了分析,为推动政府部门实现对社会资本方的有效监管提供了新的思路,同时以水环境治理PPP项目的规制为例演示了该模型的应用。结果表明,基于DEA标尺竞争理论的PPP项目绩效监管机制能够打破社会资本方的信息优势,激励各PPP项目中的社会资本方自觉降低成本、提高效率。     

PPP模式中政府职能定位的法律研究

在政府和社会资本合作的PPP模式中,由于政府部门的多重角色导致的职能冲突,如项目参与者与规则制定者之间的冲突,协议当事人与项目监管者之间的冲突,这些冲突已经严重影响了PPP项目的有序运行,因此,有必要对政府部门的职能进行合理定位,即通过专门立法来确定政府部门的权力界限,构建主次分明、分工合理的政府职能体系,明确政府部门作为PPP协议当事人,具有与私营部门平等的民事主体地位,以推动PPP模式在我国的健康发展。     

浅谈我国股票期权会计确认的有关问题

随着股票期权在公司激励中的作用日益显著,其会计确认也逐步成为一个富有争议的热点问题.本文在查阅相关文献资料的基础上,首先对股票期权的经济实质进行了简要分析,然后归纳了理论界目前关于股票期权会计确认的几种主要观点,并对其进行了分析评价,浅谈我国股票期权会计确认的有关问题.     

PPP项目税收风险评价研究

PPP项目税收风险是在PPP项目全生命周期过程中，各种可能导致项目公司税收成本增加的因素形成的风险。本文将导致PPP项目税收成本增加的风险因素称为PPP项目税收风险因素，以政府与社会资本合作（PPP）项目全生命周期为主线，从阶段性和贯穿性两个方面识别PPP项目税收风险因素，建立税收风险评价层次结构模型，然后构建基于AHP与熵权法的税收风险评价模型，计算各税收风险因素的权重和排序，找出导致PPP项目税收风险的关键风险因素和风险类别。研究发现PPP税收政策不完善是导致项目税收风险的关键，在解决当前PPP项目税收风险问题上政府部门占据主导地位，税收人才储备是实现PPP项目税收风险防范的重要发力点，在此基础上提出了降低PPP项目税收风险的税收政策和相关政策的建议，为政府部门完善PPP税收政策等提供思路。     

再论经理人股票期权的会计确认

谢德仁和刘文(2002)提出了经理人股票期权会计确认的利润分配观。本文在此基础上进行进一步论证,认为经理人股票期权赠予交易的经济实质是股东为激励经理人而将部分剩余索取权(在财务会计意义上就是利润分配权)让渡给经理人,而不是经理人直接用服务来交换股票期权,经理人股票期权赠予并不以经理人服务的投入为必备前提,经理人股票期权赠予交易内含的价值运动是具有一定价值的剩余索取权(所有者权益)从现有股东那里来,流到经理人处去。因此,在经理人股票期权赠予交易的会计确认上,应将经理人股票期权的对应项目确认为企业的利润分配。     

基于会计准则视角下PPP模式的核算分析

为了对PPP模式下的会计核算进行总体的分析,本文首先对近年来经济社会中普遍出现的PPP模式进行研究,通过借鉴和整理过往的发展结构和规模,针对目前社会上广泛讨论的项目确认和计量方法,站在会计核算的角度对其展开叙述,以最为代表性的BOT模式为例,粗浅的进行分主体和分阶段的研究,再结合项目公司和政府部门在不同阶段确认方法的差异以及各自的注意事项进行思路上的研究,深入剖析PPP模式下会计核算存在的问题及问题产生的原因,以期为我国PPP模式的健康发展提供一定的参考。     

政府负债会计的会计政策选择原则论析——以美国联邦政府为例

政府负债是政府部门以各种信用形式筹集资金,缓解财政支出压力,顺利履行各类政府职能的重要手段,也是引发财政危机,威胁一国财政安全的主要因素.加强对政府负债的管理,控制财政风险,高质量的政府负债会计与财务报告信息是重要的前提保证.因此,完善政府负债的会计核算始终是推动各国政府会计变革的重要动因,其中,对负债计量、确认等会计政策的选择则成为当前政府会计实践关注的焦点,本文以美国联邦政府为例,对政府负债会计的会计政策选择及其原则进行了分析,以提供借鉴.     

博弈论视角下的PPP模式运营监管机制

PPP模式在运营监管过程中存在诸多问题,主要是政府与私人部门之间常产生相互损害对方利益以牟取自身利益的零和博弈,对此,文章通过构建静态和动态两种基本博弈模型的方式对PPP模式进行简化,并分析博弈中政府与私人部门双方之间的优势策略得出均衡.最后提出了完善我国PPP模式运营及监管制度的建议:授权特定政府部门对PPP项目履行监管职责,构建PPP项目投资、建设、运营信息的公开制度,建立PPP项目中私企"黑名单"制度,采取高效公正的争端解决机制,保障PPP模式中各方的权利救济,引入中立第三方机构对PPP项目的建设、运营进行评估等.     

An analytic derivation of the cost of deposit insurance and loan guarantees An application of modern option pricing theory

It is not uncommon in the arrangement of a loan to include as part of the financial package a guarantee of the loan by a third party. Examples are guarantees by a parent company of loans made to its subsidiaries or government guarantees of loans made to private corporations. Also included would be guarantees of bank deposits by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. As with other forms of insurance, the issuing of a guarantee imposes a liability or cost on the guarantor. In this paper, a formula is derived to evaluate this cost. The method used is to demonstrate an isomorphic correspondence between loan guarantees and common stock put options, and then to use the well developed theory of option pricing to derive the formula.     

政府补贴和国有参股对参与PPP企业外部融资的影响

政府补贴和国有资本参股是政府参与PPP(政府和社会资本合作)的两种主要方式。本文借助一个资本具有外部性的一般均衡模型来分析这两种方式对企业外部融资的影响机制,并进行经验验证。理论分析发现,国有参股的担保效应增加了项目公司对高杠杆的需求,提升了金融中介发放贷款的意愿,使金融中介接受更低的借款利率。政府补贴不影响项目公司与金融中介之间的借贷合约。项目公司外部融资所受影响会进一步传导至参与PPP的企业。因此,国有参股增加稳态时的企业杠杆率,降低借款利率;政府补贴则不影响杠杆率和利率。实证部分通过整合2014-2018年财政部PPP项目库数据和2010-2018年上市公司财务数据,借助PSM-DID分析发现,国有参股程度显著降低参与PPP项目的上市公司的借贷成本并提升其杠杆率,但政府补贴支出没有明显作用,印证了模型结论。此外,市场化程度更高的地区,国有参股程度对参与企业外部融资的影响程度更小。本文研究对PPP模式下如何减少政府债务风险以及控制债务风险向企业转移具有一定的参考意义。     

Demand for fair value accounting: The case of the asset revaluation boom in Korea during the global financial crisis

When the fair value accounting (FVA) option for property, plant, and equipment was introduced in the midst of the global financial crisis, a significant proportion of Korean firms elected FVA. We attribute this unusual boom in asset revaluations to the nation's culture of government intervention and civilian compliance, which was particularly espoused during this period of financial turmoil, and a foreseeable option to switch back to historical cost accounting. We find that among those firms whose debt‐to‐equity ratios are low, public firms opt for the FVA option more often than private firms, suggesting that the need to communicate fair value information with diversified equity holders is more important than the need to do so with creditors. In contrast, among those firms whose debt‐to‐equity ratios are high enough to warrant such unfavorable dispositions as new debt freezes and monitoring by regulators, we find no difference in the FVA choice between private and public firms. These findings imply that during the global financial crisis, private firms that rely heavily on debt financing have a strong incentive to utilize FVA to comply with government guidelines for the debt‐to‐equity ratio and to ease a potential hold‐up problem by influential creditors.     

The influence of funding source and legislative requirements on government cost accounting practices

This paper provides preliminary evidence on the determinants of cost accounting practices in government agencies. Drawing on institutional and contingency theories of management accounting choice, we examine two potential influences on the design and use of government cost systems: legal requirements to be self-funding and mandated requirements for cost accounting data. We test these hypotheses using survey data from the U.S. General Accounting Office. The empirical evidence indicates that organizations using cost system output to satisfy external requirements tend to implement more “elaborate” cost accounting systems than units without external requirements, but are no more likely to use cost system data for internal purposes. In contrast, government organizations that are required to “pay their own way” by fully recovering costs through revenues or fees not only implement more elaborate systems than units funded by appropriated budgets or reimbursement of expenses by other government units, but also tend to make more extensive use of cost system output for a wide variety of internal purposes ranging from pricing to management control.     

从美国成本会计准则看我国军事采购成本会计准则的构建

美国联邦政府采购成本会计准则建立的根本原因在于美国联邦政府采购中成本类型合同的使用.其与我国军事采购过程中成本类型合同的使用相似.为加强我国军事采购合同成本的管理,有必要构建我国军事采购成本会计准则,而美国联邦政府采购成本会计准则涵盖的内容、豁免条款和范围层次的使用,以及披露报表的编报,对于建立我国军事采购成本会计准则具有积极的借鉴意义.     

关于政府会计监管的再思考

政府会计监管产生的主要动因在于市场失灵,但与此对应的则是政府失灵,后者导致了监管成本膨胀以及对市场竞争条件的破坏。由此引发了对政府会计监管的再度思考———怎样使政府会计监管更加富于效率和效果?本文认为,转变监管理念,实现行政处罚让位于法律约束是根本途径;而法律约束发挥作用的基础则在于信誉机制,不仅包括管理层和独立审计信誉机制,也包括政府会计监管本身的信誉。     

Management accounting innovations for rationalizing the cost of services: The reassessment of cash and accrual accounting

ABSTRACT

Management accounting can be a useful tool in austerity government because it produces information about the costs of public services and can be used for informed decision-making. Spanish local governments are required to submit data on the cost of their services to central government, which publishes this information online. The calculation of costs is based on budgetary cash accounting instead of accrual accounting; therefore cash accounting is being used for decision-making and accrual accounting has no role in this process. This paper critically analyses the innovation from three perspectives: the use assigned to the cost information in the legal framework; the opinion of academics and experts; and the perception of professionals about the usefulness of the information produced with the new system.     

The Role of Resource Accounting in the UK Government's Quest for ‘Better Accounting’

The UK government intends to introduce resource accounting to central government departments under the banner of ‘Better Accounting for the Taxpayer's Money’. Under the proposed system of resource accounting, as outlined in a White Paper, an annual depreciation charge is to be incorporated in the cost statement and fixed assets included in a balance sheet at their depreciated replacement cost. This paper locates the proposed changes in accounting method for government departments in the general spread of accruals accounting through the public sector, and explores the relevance of accruals as a basis for measuring the results of activity undertaken by government departments. It goes on to examine the impact of the specific accounting change envisaged in the White Paper from both theoretical and practical aspects. The benefits envisaged in the White Paper are considered along with the extent to which they are likely to be realised, together with any consequences not explicitly foreseen. The conclusion is that, while the revised accounting techniques may be different, the proposition implicit in the White Paper's title that they re better is not proven by the evidence presented.     

基于多属性分析的高校科研经费全成本核算研究

为提高高校科研项目全成本核算过程中间接成本核算的科学性,合理性和实用性,提出基于多属性分析的高校科研经费全成本计算模型。该模型首先对科研项目及间接成本对象进行多属性分析,然后依据现实情况和历史数据等因素,采用定性定量相结合的方法,构建科研项目的间接成本分摊模型,通过多属性与权值的协调控制,真实准确地进行间接成本的分摊处理。理论分析和实验数据表明,与传统的科研项目经费比例分摊方法相比,该模型统筹兼顾科研项目及间接成本的复杂因素,提高了间接成本核算的科学性和合理性。同时,该模型支持灵活的参数调整和属性扩充,可以方便地与各高校不同的评价指标和计算方法相适应。     

Public Sector Outsourcing as an Exchange Option

The outsourcing of government activities is justified primarily by expected cost savings. In the formal process of determining whether there are potential savings from contracting out, public sector agencies in Australia are required by published government guidelines to measure the relevant costs of in-house activities and to compare these with external bids. Similar and in technical respects essentially identical requirements exist in Great Britain. The cost comparison methodology advocated in these various publications is deficient in that it makes no allowance for the financial value of the option to contract out. Like other options, the option to contract out provides a hedge against uncertainty, and is all the more valuable the more uncertain (less predictable) the agency's future costs of in-house and external service arrangements. In the face of inherently uncertain cost streams, there is something to be said for conserving all available options. By interpreting the option to contract out as a financial asset with theoretically measurable value, arguments for government agencies maintaining at least some in-house capabilities are given a basis in 'rational economics'.