试论对外资并购的反垄断法律规制

外资并购一方面推动我国经济发展。另一方面却带来垄断等弊端。要参照国外采用的规模标准、市场份额和市场集中度来判断外资并购后是否会形成垄断或实质的竞争，并以此确定外资并购是否具有经济合理性。根据美国、日本和德国的反垄断法立法和司法经验．对禁止企业并购的豁免主要应包括改善市场条件、潜在的市场进入、整体经济和社会公共利益等三种情况。我国应参照澳大利亚和加拿大的做法。即国内外并购的审查立法分别由反垄断法和外资法负责。与此相应的是，对外资并购的审查制度主要由外资法规定。而反垄断法只需对外资并购有关反垄断方面作出规定。     

外资并购国家安全审查制度研究——以美国立法为视角

伴随着经济全球化得发展,外资不断涌入中国市场,过去几年,我国一些行业领头的企业先后被外资入股或控股,大量并购案件的出现让我们不得不考虑外资并购中的国家安全问题,加快建立国家安全审查制度势在必行。美国是外资并购国家安全审查立法最为完善的国家,本文以美国立法为视角,借鉴并提出了完善外资并购安全审查的建议。     

外资并购国家安全审查制度研究——以美国立法为视角

伴随着经济全球化得发展,外资不断涌入中国市场,过去几年,我国一些行业领头的企业先后被外资入股或控股,大量并购案件的出现让我们不得不考虑外资并购中的国家安全问题,加快建立国家安全审查制度势在必行。美国是外资并购国家安全审查立法最为完善的国家,本文以美国立法为视角,借鉴并提出了完善外资并购安全审查的建议。     

关于我国外资并购企业的法律规制研究——以达能收购娃哈哈为例

近年来,外资并购我国企业的步伐加快,不少规模较大的并购个案引发了一系列新的法律问题,本文从达能收购娃哈哈一案所引发的争议入手,分析我国外资并购的相关立法存在的不足,并对完善外资并购立法提出建议和对策。     

外资并购市场健康发展问题研究

跨国并购是经济全球化时代的重要特征,也是中国经济全球化的必经之路。文章通过描述我国外资并购市场的蓬勃发展,指出外资并购要防止国有资产流失,要防止危害中国的产业安全和经济安全,提出在发展外资并购市场中要加强政府监管和对重点行业的外资并购实行严格审查。     

论入世后外资并购的反垄断控制

与新建式投资方式相比，我国学术界对外资并购的研究显得相当被动与滞后，有关法律规定也极不健全。本文所关注的是入世后外资并购可能带来的垄断效应，在辩证分析的基础上，从立法、行政、司法三方面提出了较为系统、有针对性的反垄断调整、控制对策。     

外资并购市场健康发展问题研究

跨国并购是经济全球化时代的重要特征,也是中国经济全球化的必经之路.文章通过描述我国外资并购市场的蓬勃发展,指出外资并购要防止国有资产流失,要防止危害中国的产业安全和经济安全,提出在发展外资并购市场中要加强政府监管和对重点行业的外资并购实行严格审查.     

外资并购：中资银行能否成功一跃

三年前，在多哈梭落声中，中国正式加入世界贸易组织。三年后的今天，我们看到，中国加入WTO对外开放程度的大幅提高，极大地促进了国际贸易和国内产业的发展，外资尤其是大型跨国公司对中国的投资呈现出明显的上升势头，银行服务业作为外资并购的热点方兴未艾，已经并必将继续对我国银行业的改革和发展产生现实和深远的影响。在当前我国金融改革和银行业发展的关键时期，对外资并购中资银行进行深入研究是非常有必要的。     

美国外资并购规制及其借鉴

美国对外资并购主要实行国民待遇原则，但在反托拉斯法上，为避免过度管辖，对外资并购申报规定了四种豁免；在国家安全法上，要求外资并购接受CFIUS的安全检查；在产业政策上，要求接受双重审查，我国对外资并购进行干预具有国际法依据，但应坚持国民待遇原则，做法监管和对等原则，合营企业应纳入并购规制范围，并对国家产业政策法，国家安全法进行完善。     

外资在中国并购的特点

随着中国外资并购法律法规的完善，外资并购浪潮风生水起，渐成气候。外资跨国公司通过各种方式在中国展开争夺，中国企业处于弱势。本文分析了国际竞争加剧背景下，跨国企业争夺中国新兴市场的战略策略。     

汇率风险对冲如何影响企业并购行为——基于自由现金流的视角

本文基于2001—2019年上市公司年报中关于外汇衍生品的使用信息,研究发现,使用外汇衍生品的上市公司相比未使用的公司发起并购的概率更低,但并购的市场和经营绩效有所提高。主要原因在于,中国上市公司进行并购通常以企业自有资金进行现金支付,外汇衍生品的使用大幅降低了公司出于预防性动机而持有的现金,从而降低了公司发起并购的概率。此外,进行汇率风险对冲可避免公司因持有大量自由现金流而发生的过度投资行为,从而提高了公司的投资效率。总体而言,使用外汇衍生品进行汇率风险对冲可使上市公司更注重并购质量而非并购数量,从而实现“少而精”的投资策略。本文研究对进一步厘清企业使用外汇衍生品的相关影响提供了一定参考。     

The impact of institutional investors on mergers and acquisitions in the United Kingdom

In this paper we investigate the impact of institutional ownership on UK mergers and acquisitions. We employ a comprehensive sample of M&As conducted by UK acquirers from 2000 to 2010, thus including a full cycle of peak and trough in M&A waves. We find that institutional investors increase the likelihood of an M&A to be a large, cross-border deal, opting for full control. Moreover, institutional ownership concentration and foreign institutional ownership increase the likelihood of cross-border M&As. In addition, we assess the influence of institutional shareholders’ investment horizon and find that while investment horizon have a negative influence in encouraging cross-border M&As, the presence of long-term investors encourages larger M&As. Finally, even after controlling for the 2007–08 financial crisis the market reacts negatively to the announcement of cross-border M&As.     

Foreign VCs and venture success: Evidence from China

This paper analyzes the role of foreign VCs in driving venture success in emerging markets. We analyze a comprehensive data set of 4753 portfolio companies from China. We test whether the presence of a foreign VC increases the likelihood that a portfolio company is successfully exited. We find that the presence of a foreign VC does not per se significantly increase the likelihood of a successful exit. However, the likelihood of a successful exit increases if the foreign VC collaborates with a joint venture (JV) partner. Further, the impact of foreign VC backing depends on the nature of the VC, with foreign VCs tending to perform better when investing in late-stage companies and when they are diversified across industries. If a foreign VC successfully exits an investment, then, compared with a domestic-VC, it prefers to exit via a M&A or secondary-buyout than via an IPO, reflecting the significant lock-up periods associated with VC-backed IPOs in China, the difficulty of achieving a foreign listing, and the difficulty listing a start-up on Chinese markets.     

Corporate governance and merger and acquisition (M&A) FDI: Firm-level evidence from Japanese FDI into the US

Merger and acquisition (M&A) is a mechanism for promoting corporate governance. This suggests that an improvement in overall corporate governance may have a negative effect on M&A activity. Since M&A foreign direct investment (FDI) is a cross-border variant of M&A, we use firm-level data to investigate the effect of US corporate governance on Japanese M&A FDI. Our results indicate that two landmark corporate governance regulations by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1992 contributed significantly to the sharp decline in Japanese M&A FDI in the US during the 1990s. Our evidence lends some support to the notion that corporate governance may affect not only domestic M&A activity but also cross-border M&A activity. Our study also sheds some light on the puzzle of why Japanese FDI into the US fell during the 1990s despite the depreciation of the US dollar.     

Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions and the Role of Free Trade Agreements

This article investigates the impact of the formation of free trade agreements (FTAs) on cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Using the comprehensive M&As dataset of Securities Data Company, we find that FTA relationship is associated with more bilateral cross-border M&As. Second, the cross-border M&As activities between a FTA country-pair do not increase faster than the acquiring country’s total foreign acquisitions, suggesting no evidence of investment diversion effect of FTA. Third, we find that existing FTA relationship with other countries positively affect cross-border M&As between a FTA country-pair. But these third-country FTA effects differ for acquiring country and target country when we look at the ratio of a country-pair’s FTA relative to the acquiring country’s total foreign M&As. Moreover, by exploring the detailed information on acquiring and target firms, we reveal that the effect of FTA differs for horizontal, vertical and conglomerate cross-border M&As. Our results are robust to various measures of M&As activities and econometric methods used.     

Generalists vs. specialists: Who are better acquirers?

We examine the impact of lifetime work experience of top executives on mergers and acquisitions (M&As) behavior and outcome. Based on hand-collected data of top executives in a sample of Chinese firms during 2002–2018, we construct a generalist ability index of top executives to study the impact of generalist top executives (GTEs) vs. specialist top executives (STEs) on M&As. Our findings suggest that GTEs conduct more M&As than those of STEs. The results are robust to alternate specifications of M&A frequencies and after accounting for endogeneity issue. Furthermore, the M&A announcement and long-term returns are better for acquirers with GTEs than those with STEs. We attribute the findings to GTEs' ability of searching target ex ante, making the M&A process efficient, and fully leveraging their social networks post M&A. In addition, we find the increase in M&A activities in GTE firms are primarily due to GTEs' experience of M&As rather than their talents. Finally, the M&As from GTEs improve investment efficiency and are less likely to divest targets post M&As. In sum, GTEs conduct more M&As and they create value in the process.     

Cross-border venture capital performance: Evidence from China

This paper investigates the determinants of cross-border venture capital (VC) performance in the Chinese VC market. We focus on the impact of foreign VC firms' (VCs') human capital and domestic entrepreneurs' experience on the performance of both VC investments and portfolio companies using logit and Cox hazard models. After controlling for portfolio company quality, domestic VC industry development, domestic exit conditions and a number of other factors, little correlation was evident between VC performance and foreign VCs' human capital, such as experience, networks and reputation. In contrast, the domestic entrepreneurs' experience is crucial to VC performance. In particular, if an entrepreneur has more general experience in terms of the number of companies previously worked for or more special experience in terms of the number of companies previously served as a CEO or top manager, a portfolio company is more likely to pull off a successful exit through IPO or M&A, and the VCs are also likely to shorten their investment duration in the portfolio company.     

Foreign ownership restrictions and cross-border markets for corporate control

The paper investigates the link between host country laws restricting the ability of foreign bidders to conduct cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and the dynamics of domestic and foreign markets for corporate control. The results indicate that, as governments, especially governments of less wealthy, faster growing economies, relax their cross-border M&A laws, foreign bidders increase the number of cross-border M&As. The likelihood that foreign bidders establish cross-border M&As in which they obtain a controlling stake in the target is greater in host countries with less restrictive cross-border M&A laws. In such countries, foreign bidders are also more likely to use cross-border M&As than cross-border joint ventures as the means for entering the market. As host country cross-border M&A laws improve, foreign bidders are increasingly more likely to seek the types of entry modes that provide them with greater control over their investments.     

Antitakeover provisions and investment in mergers and acquisitions: A causal reevaluation

In this study, we are the first to reevaluate causally the effects of antitakeover provisions (ATPs) on the likelihood and quality of investment in mergers and acquisitions (M&A). We do so by exploiting instrumental variables to circumvent evidential endogeneity in ATPs. Our causal analysis is new to reveal that higher levels of ATPs are associated with lower propensity for investment in M&A and, after accounting for unobservable factors that affected the decision to invest in M&A, with investment that is more likely to be both value enhancing to shareholders and personally riskier to managers. Our findings support theory and evidence in other corporate contexts that gives weight to the possibility that ATPs curb risk related agency conflict. Our collective findings of a (positive) surprise also provide substantiation for known information about ATPs having value relevance for market perception of the quality of investment in M&A.     

Globalization of Chinese firms,location choice,and socio-cultural milieu

For a number of years, the bulk of Chinese outward foreign direct investment was found in countries with lower technological development and minimal management capabilities. Recent research and preliminary data have shown a swift shift in outward foreign direct investment allocation by Chinese multinational enterprises to OECD countries. We argue that the main reasons for this shift are: location strategy, firm-specific resources, new government policy, and socio-cultural milieu. This paper examines the factors which influence Chinese manufacturers' decisions to invest in OECD countries. We integrate the resource-based view, institutional view, and economic view to explain the propensity of Chinese manufacturing firm investment. We contribute to Chinese investment decision and foreign direct investment location theory by incorporating these three views.