政府补助的会计处理与税务处理的差异性研究

一、"政府补助"概念在会计与税法上的差异(一)会计中的"政府补助"是指企业从政府无偿取得货币性资产或非货币性资产,但不包括政府作为企业所有者投入的资本。政府补助分为与资产相关的政府补助和与收益相关的政府补助。与资产相关的政府补助,是指企业取得的、用于购建或以其他方式形成长期资产的政府补助。与收益相关的政府补助,是指除与资产相关的政府补助之外的政府补助。政府补助具有两个特征:第一,政府补助是无偿的、有条件的。政府向企业提供补助具有无偿性的特点。政府补助通常附有一定的条件,主要包括:(1)政策条件。企业只有符合政府补助政策的规定,才有     

政府会计功能、国家善治与政治信任

党的十九大提出政府需要转变政府职能、建设人民满意的服务型廉洁政府,增强政府公信力和执行力,政府会计能贡献力量吗?本文聚焦政府会计功能有效发挥对于转变政府职能和廉洁政府建设的价值及如何有效发挥价值展开研究。研究认为,充分发挥政府会计契约功能,更能促进国家财政资源均衡配置,加强财政监控,助力政府践行社会责任;科学拓展及应用政府会计估值功能可以增加政府财政透明度的广度和深度,预警和防范政府举债风险,改善行政生态环境,促成政治清明。本文提出在积极发挥政府会计的信息揭示功能的基础上,在政府决策、行政管理、绩效考评中,在国家与社会治理、管理机制设置中重视运用政府会计信息是有效发挥政府会计功能的主要手段。本研究希望对提升政府财政管理效率与效果,推进有为政府建设,促进国家善治和增进公众对政府政治信任有一定的启示作用。     

政府负债风险控制：影响政府会计改革的重要因素

政府会计与政府负债风险控制有着密不可分的关系。政府负债风险控制目标实现的关键取决于政府会计所提供的政府负债信息的质量。本文从政府负债风险控制的角度,以政府会计提供政府负债风险控制所需信息为出发点,分析了政府负债风险控制对提供政府负债信息栽体的政府财务报告和决定政府负债信息质量的政府会计基础的影响。     

让政府预算在阳光下运行:预算公开透明的思考

纵观世界市场经济发达国家,在推进政府预算改革进程中,无一不是在加强财政预算监督,推进预算公开透明度中取得成功的。没有预算的政府是看不见的政府,有了预算不公开,仍然是看不见的政府,而看不见的政府不可能是负责任的政府。提高政府预算透明度,保证纳税人的知情权,是建立透明、廉洁、高效的政府的内在要求。本文从分析提高政府预算透明度的必要性入手,分析制约政府预算透明度的因素,提出了进一步提高政府预算透明度的有效途径。     

地方政府金融资源竞争中的金融风险探讨

由于地方政府财政支付能力不足,财权与事权不符,地方政府为了提高政绩,通过直接干预或者间接关于来夺取金融资源。政府以政府信用做担保来获取银行贷款,以此来促进政府融资,随着地方政府与金融机构之间的关系的日益紧密以及政府债务越来越多,这将会形成地方政府债务风险。如果政府无法及时偿还政府债务,地方政府债务风险将会变成地方金融风险。本文通过介绍了地方政府对金融资源分布的影响,分析了地方政府债务风险向金融风险的转换,阐述了地方金融风险评价体系以及评价模型,提出了化解地方政府金融风险的建议,为我国地方政府解决金融风险提供一定的参考。     

政府财务报告问题研究

政府财务报告是政府会计信息的载体,是研究政府会计改革的重要问题。美国、英国等主要市场经济国家都是在不断丰富、完善政府财务报告内容,力求更为客观、完整、科学地反映政府财务状况,为政府宏观经济管理服务。本文拟对国际会计师联合会以及美国、英国等国的政府财务报告相关问题进行重点研究。一、关于政府财务报告的目标政府财务报告目标与政府财务报告使用者的定位以及政府管理需求直接相关。政府财务报告目标的选择,直接决定着政府财务报告披露内容、形式,并决定着政府会计准则中会计主体、会计基础、会计政策等相关问题。政府财务报告主要目标是提供满足使用     

政府财务信息网络披露：评估模型与影响因素

建设透明政府,利用网络提高政府财务透明度迫在眉睫。文章研究考察了中国地方政府财务信息网络披露问题。通过构建一个政府财务信息网络披露评估模型,并应用该模型考察政府财务信息网络披露的影响因素。结果发现:政府规模、政府财务状况与政府类型对政府财务信息网络披露有显著影响,而居民生活水平以及政府预算收入的影响并不显著。该研究对制定政府财务信息网络披露最优实践指南,进一步提高政府财务透明度有一定的借鉴作用。     

论改进我国政府会计与财务报告

政府会计与财务报告关系到政府向社会公众及其他各方提供的财务信息是否具有真实性、完整性和可靠性的问题。本文认为 ,政府会计作为反映政府财务活动的信息系统 ,应当根据我国政府的职能及政府财务活动的内容 ,全面、完整地反映政府财务活动情况及结果。随着我国预算管理体制改革、政府职能转换 ,政府会计与财务报告应当借鉴国际公共部门会计与财务报告的通常做法 ,吸收我国企业会计与财务报告改革的成功经验 ,进行改进和完善 ,并着重从政府会计名称、政府会计对象 (内容 )、政府会计模式、政府会计基础及政府财务报告等方面进行改革 ,真正建立具有中国特色、与国际公共部门会计可比的、科学规范的政府会计与财务报告体系 ,保证政府向社会公众提供的财务信息的真实性和完整性     

政府购买保险公共服务的实践与思考

国务院常务会议决定全面推进政府向社会力量购买公共服务,部分省市政府相继出台政府购买公共服务的办法和实施意见,少数地方政府还出台政府购买保险公共服务的实施意见。保险业应牢牢抓住政府向社会力量购买保险公共服务的重大契机,在政府购买保险公共服务方面开拓和创新,争取在政府政府购买保险公共服务的范围和规模上取得突破,为政府分担责任和为国民增加福祉履行保险业应尽的职责。     

政府补助的会计处理与税务处理的差异性研究

<正>一、"政府补助"概念在会计与税法上的差异(一)会计中的"政府补助"是指企业从政府无偿取得货币性资产或非货币性资产,但不包括政府作为企业所有者投入的资本。政府补助分为与资产相关的政府补助和与收益相关的政府补助。与资产相关的政府补助,是指企业取得的、用于购建或以其他方式形成长期资产的政府补助。与收益相关的政府补助,是指除与资产相关的政府补助之外的政府补助。政府补助具有两个特征:第一,政府补助是无偿的、有条件的。政府向企业提供补助具有无偿性的特点。政府补助通常附有一定的条件,主要包括:(1)政策条件。企业只有符合政府补助政策的规定,才有     

Bank loan supply responses to Federal Reserve emergency liquidity facilities

The Federal Reserve injected unprecedented liquidity into banks during the recent crisis through the discount window and Term Auction Facility. We examine the use and effectiveness of these facilities. We find that recipient banks increased their lending overall, both short- and long-term, and in most loan categories. The facilities resulted in enhanced lending at expanding banks and reduced declines at contracting banks. Small banks increased small business lending and large banks increased large business lending. There were no significant changes in loan quality or loan contract terms by either large or small banks.     

The Response of Commercial Banks to Compensation Reform

This study assesses changes in the executive compensation policy of 94 commercial banks following the SEC's expanded compensation disclosure rules and revisions in the Internal Revenue Code regarding deductibility of compensation expense. During the period from 1989–1997, commercial banks experience a significant decline in the number of insiders serving in executive compensation committees. Following compensation reform, banks seem to substitute non-cash for cash compensation, and exhibit a somewhat stronger pay-for-performance relationship. Further, board structures are statistically indistinguishable among banks that were acquired compared to surviving banks, and between banks and a sample of electric utilities. Taken together, our analysis suggests that compensation reform, rather than deregulation or corporate control, led commercial banks to change their governance structures and provides limited evidence that such changes enhanced the incentive effects of compensation contracts.     

影响商业银行稳定的微观因素

本文运用14家上市商业银行2003~2010年的数据,实证研究了银行稳定与信息披露的关系。中国商业银行的稳定性在逐渐增强,信息披露在一定程度上促进了银行稳定性。进一步发挥信息披露的市场约束作用,需要完善相应的制度环境和市场基础。银行资产规模以及利润的增长有效地促进了商业银行的稳定性。国有银行有国家信用的担保,而股份制银行具备相对完善的治理制度,两者的稳定性并不存在显著性的差别。政府应完善信息披露制度,为投资者提供全面、及时、真实的财务信息,加强信息披露的市场约束作用,加强对银行信息披露的监管。     

How Sensitive Are Bank Managers to Shareholder Value?

We test for the existence of market discipline by shareholders of banks with a wide range of ownership structures. Discipline by shareholders manifests itself through monitoring banks’ level of risk as well as through influencing banks’ management actions. We find that shareholders utilize the relation between stock returns and different types of risk measures to monitor risky banks. Shareholders partially influence bank management by responding to decreasing stock returns with a demand to improve loan quality. Moreover, the influence on management in small banks is more pronounced compared to large banks.     

Network reactions to banking regulations

Optimal regulatory restrictions on banks have to solve a delicate balance. Tighter regulations reduce the likelihood of banks’ distress. Looser regulations foster the allocation of funds toward productive investments. With multiple banks, optimal regulation becomes even more challenging. Banks form partnerships in the interbank lending market in order to face liquidity needs and to meet investment possibilities. We show that the interbank network can suddenly collapse when regulations are pushed beyond a critical level, with a discontinuous increase in systemic risk as the cross-insurance of banks collapses.     

网上银行与传统银行协同创新的途径

网上银行作为金融创新与科技创新相结合的产物,相对传统银行而言,具有高效、便捷、成本较低等突出优势,正逐渐改变商业银行的思维理念、运行模式和经营规则。在商业银行网络化发展的过程中,传统银行是否还有存在的价值,能够发挥怎样的作用是一个值得思考的课题。本文通过对纯网上银行和复合网上银行的综合比较分析,研究网上银行和传统银行各自的核心功能和主要优势,探讨复合网上银行实现网上和网下竞争要素有效协同并进行创新的途径。     

Bank-type specific determinants of sensitivity of loan-loss provisions to business cycle

In this paper, we explore several new factors which may affect the procyclicality of loan-loss provisions in all commercial and cooperative banks operating in Poland between 2000 and 2012. More specifically, we test whether there are visible differences between commercial and cooperative banks in the sensitivity of those provisions to the business cycle. Our results show that whereas loan-loss provisions are procyclical in both cases, the procyclicality is particularly prominent and stronger in the case of commercial banks, than of the cooperative banks. Additionally, in contrast to existing findings, we establish that the negative impact of the business cycle on loan-loss provisions is greater in the case of small banks than of medium or large ones, this feature being common for both commercial and cooperative banks. We have identified two factors which affect procyclicality of loan-loss provisions in different ways for commercial and cooperative banks. The first factor is the empirical importance of capital adequacy ratio size. In commercial banks, the capital ratio size exerts a statistically significant impact on the procyclicality regardless of capitalization. The other factor is discretionary income-smoothing, as we find that the statistically significant increase of procyclicality due to the high discretionary income-smoothing is present only in cooperative banks.     

中小企业信贷可得性的影响因素

本文利用中国人民银行征信系统的相关数据,实证研究湖南地区中小企业信贷可得性的影响因素,以检验银行对中小企业的贷款技术。实证结果表明:大型和跨区域性银行对中小企业未采取关系型贷款;贷款银行对中小企业的财务特征不太重视;大型和跨区域性银行对中小企业贷款主要采用信用评分技术。作者建议:第一,整合信息资源,发展独立的信用评估机构对中小企业进行信用评估,降低大型和跨区域性银行对中小企业贷款成本和信息不对称程度;第二,大力发展区域性中小商业银行,并鼓励其形成和充分发挥对中小企业进行关系型贷款的比较优势。     

Using clustering ensemble to identify banking business models

The business models of banks are often seen as the result of a variety of simultaneously determined managerial choices, such as those regarding the types of activities, funding sources, level of diversification, and size. Moreover, owing to the fuzziness of data and the possibility that some banks may combine features of different business models, the use of hard clustering methods has often led to poorly identified business models. In this paper we propose a framework to deal with these challenges based on an ensemble of three unsupervised clustering methods to identify banking business models: fuzzy c‐means (which allows us to handle fuzzy clustering), self‐organizing maps (which yield intuitive visual representations of the clusters), and partitioning around medoids (which circumvents the presence of data outliers). We set up our analysis in the context of the European banking sector, which has seen its regulators increasingly focused on examining the business models of supervised entities in the aftermath of the twin financial crises. In our empirical application, we find evidence of four distinct banking business models and further distinguish between banks with a clearly defined business model (core banks) and others (non‐core banks), as well as banks with a stable business model over time (persistent banks) and others (non‐persistent banks). Our proposed framework performs well under several robustness checks related with the sample, clustering methods, and variables used.     

有效抑制“冲时点”的逻辑起点

商业银行＂冲时点＂的行为,人为扭曲了信贷市场的供求状况,且通过引致货币市场流动性阶段性紧张,间接影响货币政策调控效果。商业银行＂冲时点＂现象的存在,既有内部激励因素,也有外部压力因素。有效治理商业银行＂冲时点＂行为,需要商业银行转变经营理念;亦需要监管部门从宏观审慎管理的角度,按照市场化监管逻辑建立银行自律与市场监管结合的激励相容机制。