Trade in Financial Services and Capital Movements

International financial liberalization may alter saving–investment imbalances and patterns of capital flows across countries. Using a panel of OECD countries for 1990–1996, I examine how the liberalization of capital movements and financial services trade affects net private capital flows. Capital inflows tend to fall (rise) with the liberalization of commercial presence in banking and securities (insurance) services, possibly reflecting an increase (decrease) in saving. I find that capital account liberalization stimulates capital inflows, suggesting that better access to external financing helps sustain larger current account deficits. When cross-border trade is liberalized, capital inflows change insignificantly.     

基于金融发展水平的证券市场开放对经济增长的影响

本文在索洛—斯旺框架下构建了一个分析证券市场开放对经济增长影响的理论模型,模型显示:金融开放后的经济收敛速度要大于封闭时的经济收敛速度,金融发展水平会促进金融开放带来的经济增长效应。通过金砖国家的数据对理论模型的结论进行实证检验显示:用名义的AREAER指标、实际的EW指标和资本流动指标度量的证券市场开放度的系数均显著为正,说明证券市场开放有利于经济增长;证券市场发展水平会促进该经济增长效应,而银行业发展水平对该经济增长效应的影响不显著。     

制度质量与资本账户开放:基于中国的实证检验

本文运用最小二乘回归方法,对我国1976—2007年间的资本账户开放与制度质量以及金融发展等变量之间的关系进行了实证检验。结果显示,制度质量对资本账户开放的直接影响,以及通过作用于金融发展和金融脆弱性而产生的间接影响在我国是存在的。并且,无论是制度合成指标,还是制度分指标,对资本账户开放的直接效应都为负,间接效应都为正。此外,金融发展与资本账户开放之间显著负相关,表明金融发展水平不足、制度质量不高,是现阶段抑制我国资本账户开放的重要因素。因此,从提高资本账户开放的经济效应的角度,应强调相关制度的重要性。     

法国资本账户开放的政策经验与启示

自20世纪80年代初开始,随着国际收支改善、金融部门发展以及金融自由化步伐加快,法国采取渐进式步骤,平稳实现了资本账户开放。文章介绍了法国实施资本账户开放的主要路径以及政策效果和影响,并总结了其对于我国资本账户开放的启示：如在资本账户开放前,应增强本国的实体经济、完善金融体系;资本账户改革需与整体经济改革协调一致;针对不同类别的资本流动风险采取不同防范措施等。     

人民币国际化进程中的资本账户开放

自2009年我国政府推出一系列人民币国际化政策后,跨境贸易人民币结算业务快速推进。随着海外人民币的增多,国外经济主体需要通过投资活动使其持有的人民币资产保值增值,这就要求旧内的金融市场作出相应的制度安排,其中资本账户开放已成为不可回避的问题。资本账户的开放会对宏观经济管理产生不确定影响,所以需要把握好开放的力度与节奏。要坚持主动性、渐进性与可控性原则,最大程度降低资本账户开放带来的风险。     

国际资本异常流动对经济增长具有非线性效应吗?--基于汇率制度和金融市场发展视角

本文基于64个经济体1999-2017年的季度面板数据,采用工具变量广义矩估计(IV-GMM)方法,从汇率制度和金融市场发展视角研究国际资本异常流动对经济增长的非线性效应。研究表明,资本流动激增显著促进了经济增长,资本流动中断、外逃和撤回对经济增长具有负向影响。有弹性的汇率制度显著减弱了四种资本异常流动情形对经济增长的冲击效应;金融市场发展显著降低了激增、中断和撤回对经济增长的冲击影响,强化了外逃对经济增长的冲击效应。随着汇率制度弹性和金融发展程度变化,新兴经济体与发达经济体资本外逃对经济增长的影响呈现明显的异质性。本文结论对于各国防范国际资本异常流动风险、维护国内经济金融稳定,以及稳步有序推进汇率市场化改革和金融市场建设具有重要的参考价值。     

Capital Account Openness,International Trade,and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Investigation

New empirical estimates of the effects of capital restrictions on growth support capital account liberalization, especially for developed countries. Capital restrictions reduce the benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth in developing countries. Estimation results for long-term capital flows demonstrate that countries with higher flows grow faster, challenging the belief that countries must attain a threshold level of development or human capital to benefit from capital inflows. Moreover, findings show that trade with developed countries and FDI inflows are substitutes in developing countries. Overall, the results support capital account liberalization in developed and developing countries.     

The Impact of Investment Opportunities and Free Cash Flow on Financial Liberalization:A Cross-Firm Analysis of Emerging Economies

This study undertakes firm-level analysis of investment opportunities and free cash flow in an attempt to explain the source of the wealth effect of financial liberalization for 14 emerging countries. We find that the market's responses to stock market liberalization announcements are more favorable for high-growth firms than for low-growth firms, a result that is consistent with the investment opportunities hypothesis. We also demonstrate that firms with high cash flow experience lower announcement-period returns associated with stock market liberalization than do firms with low cash flow. Our findings suggest that the free cash flow hypothesis dominates the corporate governance hypothesis in terms of the net effect of stock market liberalization on a firm's stock returns. We further document similar evidence with regard to banking liberalization. Finally, we demonstrate that stock market liberalization leads to the more efficient allocation of capital.     

Capital account liberalization and income inequality

This article makes both a theoretical and an empirical contribution to the literature on financial liberalization and income inequality. In the first part, we develop a tractable model that features agents with varying investment abilities and a banking sector. There are two possible interventions to liberalize the banking sector: first, a reduction in reserve requirements, and, second, an increase in the amount of foreign funds that can be used to finance domestic loans. Financial liberalization leads to enhanced banking sector efficiency and adjustments in interest rates affecting income of investors and savers, and, therefore, income inequality. Theoretically, the impact of financial liberalization on income inequality is ambiguous. Yet, the model suggests that financial liberalization will improve income distribution in countries where financial depth is high. Our empirical estimates confirm this conditional effect. More precisely, the estimates suggest that capital account liberalization only tends to lower income inequality if the level of financial depth, as measured by private credit over GDP, exceeds 25 percent.     

中国金融市场化进程对投资的影响研究

本文从考查金融市场化这一中国经济转型期制度变迁的主要方面出发,在引入金融市场化指数的Ndikumana模型基础上,应用Panel Data模型分析方法对金融市场化进程及其相关四个方面(金融中介市场化、政府行为市场化改革、金融市场自由化、金融对外开放)与投资间的影响以及东中西部间差异进行了研究。结论认为:首先,中国金融市场化对投资存在显著影响;其次,在全国层面上,金融市场化对投资的影响大于其他四个方面,而且金融结构的不同对投资的影响存在差异性;其三,在地区层面上,东中西部的金融市场化进程对地区投资的影响显著,地区间总体的差异呈现西部和中部大于东部的趋势。     

人民币跨境流动与金融失衡——基于VAR和门限模型的经验分析

基于2010~2014年月度数据,从汇率波动、资本流动以及资产价格波动等渠道,利用 VAR 模型和门限模型研究人民币跨境流动对金融失衡的影响机制。研究表明：从冲击效应看,人民币国际化背景下,金融失衡对汇率波动、资本流动和资产价格波动的反应程度显著,其中,对资产价格的反应程度最强;人民币跨境流动程度和汇率波动程度对金融失衡存在显著的门限效应。因此,为推动人民币跨境流动,应强调在推进汇率市场化改革和加强国际资本流动监管的基础上,加大稳定国内资产价格的力度,防范金融失衡。     

股票市场开放与企业投资效率——基于“沪港通”的准自然实验

资本市场的持续对外开放是党的十九大强调的重要举措。本文基于沪港通开通这一准自然实验,检验了股票市场开放对企业投资效率的影响。结果发现:沪港通的开启促进了标的公司投资效率的提高,这一影响主要体现在信息环境不透明、治理水平低的公司;机制分析发现,沪港通开启后,公司信息质量的提高和分析师预测准确度的增加是股票市场开放影响标的公司投资效率的重要渠道;最终标的公司在沪港通开通后经营业绩也得到提升。本文结论表明,股票市场开放改善了公司的投资效率,提高了对实体经济的服务能力,这对党的十九大提出的“深化资本市场对外开放”和“金融服务实体经济”系列改革有重要启示。     

What drives portfolio investments of German banks in emerging capital markets?

After decades of steady liberalization and financial market development, emerging capital markets experienced unparalleled capital inflows in the aftermath of the emerging markets crisis of the 1990s. This paper studies portfolio investment decisions of German banks in emerging capital markets from 2002 to 2007. The use of a dynamic time-series cross-section framework and the micro database External Position Report provided by Deutsche Bundesbank permit insights into the various determinants of portfolio investments in ECMs. For example, there is evidence that German banks take into account the various dimensions of financial market development in their portfolio investment decisions and anticipate the special risks inherent in emerging markets. Proxies for the overall development and efficiency of capital markets have the highest economic significance of all variables. The introduction of depositary receipts programs has a positive impact on stock market investment. Moreover, there is evidence that global risk aversion exerts a significant influence in times of financial turmoil.     

信贷市场、资本市场与我国的储蓄投资转化率

储蓄向投资转化是金融体系最基本的功能。本文首先从理论上论证信贷市场、资本市场在储蓄投资转化过程中是竞争又合作的动态互补关系，接着以灰色关联度的数量方法论证我国目前正处于金融体系历史演变阶段中的弱市场导向阶段，信贷市场仍然在储蓄向投资转化的过程中占主体地位，以股市为代表的资本市场对储蓄投资转化率的影响较小，但已呈现出向上发展的态势。我国应在加大银行部门发展的基础上大力发展资本市场，并从法律政策、政府监管等方面进行完善，充分发挥资本市场的作用，建立适合中国自身特点的金融结构。     

The Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Financial Globalization: Evidence from Macro and Sectoral Data

We take a fresh look at the aggregate and distributional effects of policies to liberalize international capital flows—financial globalization. Both country‐ and industry‐level results suggest that such policies have led on average to limited output gains while contributing to significant increases in inequality. The country‐level results are based on 228 capital account liberalization episodes spanning 149 advanced and developing economies from 1970 to the present. Difference‐in‐difference estimation using industry‐level data for 23 advanced economies suggests that liberalization episodes reduce the share of labor income, particularly for industries with higher external financial dependence, higher natural propensity to use layoffs to adjust to idiosyncratic shocks, and higher elasticity of substitution between capital and labor.     

上海自贸区金融创新与资本账户开放——兼论人民币国际化

本文简要分析了上海自由贸易试验区的金融创新。通过对照当前人民币资本账户开放和人民币国际化现状,分析了自贸区金融创新可能给它们带来的积极变化。文章探讨了自贸区金融创新的收益与成本,并对自贸区的未来发展提出几点建议。     

国际货币基金组织对资本流动及其管理政策研究的新发展

文章回顾总结了国际货币基金组织就资本账户开放及资本流动管理相关问题展开的系列研究：资本流动从波动性、相互关联性、规模、全球驱动力和信息缺口五个方面带来影响，资本流动管理措施在特定条件下具有合理性，各国应认真筹划资本账户开放进程中配套经济金融改革的实施并合理安排其次序。基金组织工作人员还提出了各国资本账户开放和资本流动管理的指导原则和政策建议。     

金融自由化与中国的全要素生产率：理论分析与经验证据

提高投资效率、优化资本配置和促进技术创新等也是全要素生产率的基本源泉。金融自由化使金融中介上述三大潜能得以充释放，因而也能提高全要素生产率。本文对中国金融自由化的过程和进展进行了定量分析，并以政府干预、人力资本、对外开放度等为控制变量，就金融自由化对全要素生产率的影响问题进行了实证分析。研究发现，中国金融自由化对全要素生产率的增长的促进作用，效果显著且具有统计意义。金融自由化也因此成为推动宏观经济集约式增长的积极因素。     

浅论利率市场化条件下地方中小银行加入银行间市场的必要性

利率市场化是我国深化金融体制改革的必由之路,是继商业银行股份制改革后的＂二次革命＂。作为金融改革的配套创新制度,银行间市场取得了长足发展,成为我国目前最大的资金投融资市场,并已成为央行投放和回收基础货币、调剂社会流动性余缺的重要载体。本文重点分析我国地方中小银行在利率市场化条件下面临的冲击和加入银行间市场必要性,提出＂参照银行间市场基础利率,建立和完善利率定价机制＂等建议。     

利率市场化能降低企业营运风险吗?——基于融资约束和企业金融化的双重视角

如何提高金融服务实体经济的结构性调节功能并促进企业有序运营与健康发展是金融供给侧结构性改革的重要目标。利率市场化改革作为金融领域最重要的改革之一,其在微观层面如何影响实体经济运行引起了高度关注。本文首先从理论上诠释了利率市场化通过缓解融资约束、抑制金融化进而降低企业营运风险的逻辑关系。为识别利率市场化与企业营运风险之间的因果效应,本文以中国人民银行2004年10月取消金融机构贷款利率上限和2013年7月取消金融机构贷款利率下限为外生冲击,基于融资约束差异构造准自然实验为上述理论推断提供经验证据。特别地,利率市场化每增加1单位标准差,企业营运风险平均约下降样本标准差的2.39%。异质性分析表明,利率市场化对企业营运风险的抑制效应在融资约束程度较高、行业竞争程度较高、投资机会较多的企业中尤为明显。本文研究对于进一步优化资源配置效率、实现金融与实体经济高质量发展具有一定参考意义。