债务资本成本计量模型的完善

目前的债务资本成本计量模型考虑了债务利息的抵税作用,但没有考虑资本用途、利息支付方式对抵税额、抵税期的影响,因而造成债务资本成本计量不准.实际上,利息抵税额的计算依据不仅仅包括利息,抵税期不完全等同于利息支付期.笔者在对现有债务资本成本计量模型分析的基础上,考虑债务资本的不同用途、利息支付的不同方式,进一步完善债务资本成本的计量模型.     

基于权衡模型的跨国公司资本结构的决定因素分析

跨国公司资本结构问题是国际金融微观领域的研究热点 ,但目前国内研究对此鲜有涉及。本文着重研究了跨国公司资本结构决定的问题 ,在概述了权衡理论的基本思想并考虑了跨国公司经营环境与国内企业的差异后 ,提出基于权衡模型的跨国公司资本结构决定机制的分析框架 ,进而深入研究了跨国公司资本结构的决定因素 :负债节税价值、破产成本和代理成本。     

债务期限结构理论研究综述

先前的公司融资决策研究主要集中在债务和权益融资之间的选择上（即资本结构）,试图建立一个最优的融资结构;最近,注意力转移到债务融资的特征上,尤其是公司债务期限结构。本文对权衡理论、代理成本理论、税收假说和信息不对称假说（信号传递和流动性风险假设）等公司债务期限结构理论进行了系统综述和总结,以为解释公司债务期限结构选择提供理论依据。     

经理人控制、接管威胁与资本结构选择

本文考察经理人掌握实际控制权时企业的资本结构是如何决定的。通过建立模型,本文分析了利己主义的经理人如何利用债务水平来最小化企业破产的风险和来自控制权市场的接管威胁。结论认为,存在接管威胁时,经理人会尽可能提高债务水平降低接管收益从而阻止接管威胁,并且债务水平会随接管成本的降低而提高;当不存在接管威胁或者接管成本较高时,经理人会选择一个较低的债务水平。本文对新兴市场的企业普遍存在的较低负债水平提出了一种新的解释,认为促成发达的控制权市场和经理人市场有助于改善企业的资本结构。     

企业债务融资的功能效应分析

本文通过对现代企业资本结构理论的梳理,总结了企业债务融资所具有的避税效应、破产成本效应、代理成本效应、信号传递效应及控制权转移效应等五种功能效应,以期引起学术界对企业债理论的更为系统而深入的研究。     

企业债务融资的功能效应分析

本文通过对现代企业资本结构理论的梳理,总结了企业债务融资所具有的避税效应、破产成本效应、代建成本效应、信号传递效应及控制权转移效益等五种功能效应,以期引起学术界对企业债理论的更为系统而深入的研究.     

上市公司单位资本经济增加值(EVAPC)的影响因素研究

经济增加值不仅考虑了企业的债务资本成本,而且考虑了企业的股权资本成本,目前被认为更能真实地反映企业的经营业绩和上市公司的价值。本文选取电子信息类上市公司为研究对象,利用分层线性模型建立EVA影响因素回归模型。结果表明:上市公司个体影响因素上,财务费用率,成本费用率,管理费用率有显著影响;地区背景层中,R&D投入产出、科研人才储备、科研环境和工业发达程度等区域性指标通过个体因素对EVAPC产生了重要影响,模型具有非常好的解释效果。     

上市公司股权融资偏好的成本与收益分析——以海尔为例

本文基于我国上市公司的股权融资偏好现状，通过西方资本结构理论对公司融资选择的适用性分析，引入股权融资成本与收益计量模型，并以海尔作为实证样本，得出我国上市公司的股权融资成本低于债务融资成本，股权融资会在一定程度上增大企业价值的研究结论，从成本与收益两个方面对股权融资偏好行为进行了解释。     

资本结构影响因素和双向效应动态模型——来自中国上市公司面板数据的证据

根据不同解释理论分析了影响资本结构公司特征因素,构建双向效应动态模型,采用中国非金融上市公司面板数据,从动态视角研究了公司特征因素如何影响资本结构选择。研究发现,宏观经济因素显著地影响资本结构决策;交易成本是影响资本结构选择的一个因素,但中国的交易成本小于美国、英国等发达国家;资产有形性、规模、独特性与杠杆正相关;成长性、资产流动性与杠杆负相关;非债务税盾与杠杆的关系不显著;产生内部资源能力与杠杆负相关,且这是由信息不对称造成的。     

上市公司单位资本经济增加值(EVAPC)的影响因素研究

经济增加值不仅考虑了企业的债务资本成本,而且考虑了企业的股权资本成本,目前被认为更能真实地反映企业的经营业绩和上市公司的价值.本文选取电子信息类上市公司为研究对象,利用分层线性模型建立EVA影响因素回归模型.结果表明:上市公司个体影响因素上,财务费用率,成本费用率,管理费用率有显著影响,地区背景层中,R＆D投入产出、科研人才储备、科研环境和工业发达程度等区域性指标通过个体因素对EVAPC产生了重要影响,模型具有非常好的解释效果.     

The pricing of deposit insurance considering bankruptcy costs and closure policies

The paper aims to study the pricing issue of deposit insurance with explicit consideration of bankruptcy costs and closure policies. Full coverage from deposit insurance is imposed by many regulators to stabilize the banking system in the current financial crisis, despite of the potential moral hazard problems. We argue that bankruptcy cost is an important factor in pricing deposit insurance, especially when the insured institution is insolvent. Applying the isomorphic relationship between deposit insurance and put option, we first derive a closed-form solution for the pricing model with bankruptcy costs and closure policies. Then, we modify the barrier option approach to price the deposit insurance in which the bankruptcy cost is set as a function of asset return volatility and more realistic closure policies considering possible forbearance can be accounted for. The properties of the models are supported by numerical simulations and are consistent with the risk-based pricing scheme.     

Variable Rate Debt Instruments and Corporate Debt Policy

Sustained high rate of inflation has led to the creation of debt instruments with variable interest rate. The availability of these debt instruments presents management with the problem of the choice of the optimal debt portfolio. This paper deals with this problem assuming a given, and optimal, debt to equity ratio. Given expected monetary value maximization, an efficient frontier is derived in terms of the expected net income and probability of bankruptcy, where net income is defined as operating income minus debt repayment. This efficient frontier is shown to be also mean-variance efficient. It is also shown that in most cases the optimal debt portfolio includes more than one debt instrument. In other words, the firm will avoid the policy of minimizing the expected cost of its debt repayments or the policy of minimizing the costs of bankruptcy. The optimal solution itself is affected by market variables like the relative expected cost of different debt instruments and by firm specific variables like the variability of its operating income stream, and the covariance between the operating income and the debt repayments.     

The Brazilian bankruptcy law experience

In early 2005, the Brazilian Congress approved a new bankruptcy law. The new legislation increased creditor protection and improved the efficiency of the bankruptcy system. This paper evaluates the empirical consequences of a bankruptcy reform on a poorly developed credit market. Using data from Brazilian and non-Brazilian firms, we estimated, using two different models, the effect of the bankruptcy reform on contractual and non-contractual debt variables. In general, both models yielded similar results. Concerning contractual debt variables, we found a significant increase in the total amount and the long-term debt and a reduction in the cost of debt. For the non-contractual debt variable, we found no effect in the loans’ ownership structure.     

The cost of capital and optimal financing policy in a dynamic setting

This paper revisits the Modigliani–Miller propositions on the optimal financing policy and cost of capital in a dynamic setting. In an environment without taxes and bankruptcy costs, the results are generally consistent with the Modigliani–Miller Propositions 1 and 2. However, the first proposition should be presented and interpreted more carefully, as given firm characteristics, there is only one optimal capital structure. Thus, a firm’s capital structure is relevant. A relaxation of assumptions about either taxes or bankruptcy costs leads to conclusions that are generally different from those in Modigliani and Miller (1958). The model predicts that leverage and sales-to-capital ratios decrease but firm size and capital stock increase with the subjective discount factor of the firm’s manager if there are taxes and bankruptcy costs. The empirical analysis supports these predictions.     

Optimization of a firm's capital structure: A quantitative approach based on a probabilistic prognosis of risk and time of bankruptcy

This article develops a new probabilistic approach to the problem of optimization of a firm's capital structure. The main idea of the approach is straightforward. As a possible firm's bankruptcy is the principal factor restricting the amount of borrowed capital, we assess the probabilities of bankruptcy at various time horizons in the future dependent on the proportion of debt capital and other indices of a firm's current financial position and then calculate how these probabilities influence the firm's value.We identify a set of factors determining conditions of existence and the value of the optimal debt/equity ratio. These include the characteristics of a firm's debt (proportion of short-term component of the debt, cost of service, and maturity horizons of long-term component), characteristics of a firm's ability to pay the debt, and some macroeconomic factors.We represent dependencies of optimal debt/equity ratio and gains in a firm's value on the main influencing factors.The approach is based on real data of real firms and does not use superfluously formalized models. We believe it can be used in practical capital structure decisions although specific calculations must be fulfilled for each firm that needs such decision.     

THE DEBT MATURITY CHOICE: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

In this paper I develop and test three nonmutually exclusive hypotheses about the determinants of corporations' debt maturity choices using a sample of corporate bonds issued between 1982 and 1986. The empirical evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that firms use bond maturity to facilitate monitoring by outsiders (the monitoring hypothesis) and weakly supports the hypothesis that firms with high-quality projects use bond maturity to signal project quality (the signaling hypothesis). The evidence does not support the hypothesis that firms use bond maturity to achieve an optimal trade-off between interest tax shields and bankruptcy costs (the tax/bankruptcy cost hypothesis).     

Investment opportunities and bankruptcy prediction

A firm's mix of growth options and assets in place is an important determinant of its optimal default strategy. Our simple model shows that shareholders of a firm with valuable investment opportunities would be able/willing to wait longer before defaulting on their contractual debt obligations than shareholders of an otherwise identical firm without such opportunities. More importantly, we show empirically using a dataset of recent corporate bankruptcies that measures of investment opportunities are significantly related to the likelihood of bankruptcy. Augmenting existing bankruptcy prediction models by these measures improves their out-of-sample forecasting ability.     

Reorganization in bankruptcy and the issue of strategic risk

The decision by creditors to force the firm into bankruptcy, where bankruptcy includes reorganization, is shown to involve the valuation of a lottery over (cooperative) games rather than a lottery over specific monetary outcomes. In the absence of assumptions about strategic (negotiating) risk, the value of creditor claims is seen to be ambiguous. This paper extends Van Horne's model of the optimal initiation of bankruptcy proceedings to include the reorganization option and strategic risk. A modified decision rule is obtained to determine the optimal solution.     

An empirical comparison of bankruptcy models

Four types of bankruptcy prediction models based on financial statement ratios, cash flows, stock returns, and return standard deviations are compared. Based on a sample of bankruptcies from 1980 to 1991, results indicate that no existing model of bankruptcy adequately captures the data. During the last fiscal year preceding bankruptcy, none of the individual models may be excluded without a loss in explanatory power. If considered in isolation, the cash flow model discriminates most consistently two to three years before bankruptcy. By comparison, the ratio model is the best single model during the year immediately preceding bankruptcy. Quasi-jack-knifing procedures suggest that none of the models can reliably predict bankruptcy more than two years in advance.     

Technically the king can do wrong in reorganizing insolvent corporations: evidence from Canada

Taken together the international move from liquidation to reorganization‐based bankruptcy regimes and the international move to abolish Crown priority in bankruptcy provide Canada with an opportunity to rethink Crown priority in bankruptcy. This paper makes the case that abolishing Crown priority in bankruptcy in Canada is optimal given a revaluation of traditional normative claims surrounding Crown priority in the context of a bankruptcy system that favours reorganization when possible. While this paper focuses on Canada, it engages in a normative assessment that may be useful for possible reforms to Crown priority in the United States and in other jurisdictions that, like Canada, have been influenced, not only by the English model, but also by the American bankruptcy and reorganization system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.